1.Chrousos GP. The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis and the immune/inflammatory reaction. New England Journal Medicine 1995; 332: 1351-1362.
2. JohnsonHM. Neuroendocrine peptide hormone regulation of immunity. Neuroimmunoendocrinology, end 2nd, pp. 49-83, Eds Karger, 1992.
3. MastorakosG. and Ilias I. The emerging role of peripheral corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH). Journal of Endocrinology Investigations 2002, 26 364-371.
4. ChrousosG. P and Gold P. W.The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioural homeostasis. Journal of American Medical Association 1992; 267: 1244-1252
5. RivierC., Brownstein M., Spiess J., Rivier J and Vale W. In vivo corticotrophin-releasing factor-induced secretion of adrenocorticotropin, b-endorphin and corticosterone. Endocrinology 1982; 110: 272-278
6.Vale W, Rivier C, Brown MR, Spiess J, Koob G, Swanson L, Bilezikjian L, Bloom F, and Rivier J. Chemical and biological characterization of corticotrophin releasing factor. Recent Progress in Hormone Research. 1983; 39: 245-270
7. SpiessJ, Rivier J, Rivier C and Vale W. Primary structure of corticotrophin-releasing factor from ovine Hypothalamus. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1981; 78: 6517-6521.
8.Donaldson CJ, Sutton SW, Perrin MH, Corrigan AZ, Lewis KA, Rivier JE, Vaughan JM and Vale WW.. Cloning and characterization of human urocortin. Endocrinology 1996; 137: 2167-2170
9.Shibahara S, Morimoto Y, Furutani Y, Notake M, Takahashi H, Shimizu S, Horikawa S and Numa S. Isolation and sequence analysis of the human corticotrophin-releasing factor precursor gene. The EMBO Journal 1983; 2: 775-779
10. Swanson LW, Sawchenko PE, Rivier J and Vale W.W. Organization of ovine corticotrophin-releasing factor immunoreactive cells and fibbers in the rat brain: An immunohistochemical study. Neuroendocrinology 1983; 36165-36186.
11. Baker C, Richards LJ, Dayan CM and Jessop DS. CRH immunoreactivity in human T and B cells and macrophages: colocalization with AVP. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2003; 15: 1070-1074
12. Sawchenko PE, Swanson LW and Vale WW. Corticotropin-releasing factors: Coexpression with distinct subsets of oxytocin-, vasopressin-, and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the male rat. Journal of Neuroscience 1984; 4: 1118-1129.
13.Schurmeyer TH, Avgerinos PC, Gold PW, Gallucci WT, Tomai TP, Cutler GB Jr, Loriaux DL and Chrousos GP. Human corticotrophin-releasing factor in man: pharmacokinetic properties and dose-response of plasma adrenicotropin and cortisol secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984; 59: 1103-1108
14. Conaglen JV, Donald RA, Espiner EA, Livesey JH and Nicholls MG. The effect of ovine corticotrophin-releasing factor on catecholamine, vasopressin and aldosterone secretion in normal man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1984; 58: 463-466
15. Kageyama K, Suda T. Regulatory mechanisms underlying corticotrophin-releasing factor gene expression in the hypothalamus. Endocrine Journal 2009; 56(3):335-344.
16. Ghorbel MT, Sharman G, Leroux M, Barrett T, Donavan DM, Becker KG, Murphy D. Microarray analysis reveals interleukin-6 as a novel secretory product of the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:19280-19285.
17. Navarra P, Tsagarakis S, Faria MS, Rees LH, Besser GM, Grossman AB. Interleukins-1 and -6 stimulate the release of corticotropin releasing hormone-41 from rat hypothalamus in vitro via the eicosanoid cyclooxygenase pathway. Endocrinology 1991; 128:37-44.
18. Vallieres L, Rivest S. Interleukin-6 is a needed proinflammatory cytokine in the prolonged neural activity and transcriptional activation of corticotrophin-releasing factor during endotoxemia. Endocrinology 1999; 140:3890-3903.
19. Pavlov EP, Harman SM, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL and Blackman MR. Responses of plasma adrenocorticotropin, cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone to ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone in healthy aging men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1986; 62: 767-772.
20. Grino M., Chrousos G.P. and Margioris A.N. The corticotrophin releasing hormone gene is expressed in human placenta. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 1987; 148: 1208-1214.
21. Merali Z, Anisman H, James JS, Kent P, Schulkin J. Effects of corticosterone on corticotrophin-releasing hormone and gastrin-releasing peptide release in response to an aversive stimulus in two regions of the forebrain (central nucleus of the amygdala and prefrontal cortex). : Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Jul; 28(1):165-72.
22. Lachize S, Apostolakis EM, van der Laan S, Tijssen AM, Xu J, de Kloet ER, Meijer OC. Steroid receptor coactivator-1 is necessary for regulation of corticotropin-releasing hormone by chronic stress and glucocorticoids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009 May 12; 106(19):8038-42.
23. Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Kao LC, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Rabin D and Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotrophin releasing hormone in human endometrium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996; 81: 1046-1050.
24. Ferrari A., Petraglia F and Gurpide E. Corticotropin releasing factor decidualizes human endometrial stromal cells in vitro. Interaction with progestin. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 1995; 54: 251-255.
25. Petraglia F, Tabanelli S, Galassi MC, Garuti GC, Mancini AC, Genazzani AR and Gurpide E. Human deciduas and in vitro decidualized endometrial stromal cells at term contain immunoreactive corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF messenger ribonucleic acid. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1992; 74: 1427-1431.
26. Fabbri A, Tinajero JC and Dufau ML. Corticotropin-releasing factor is produced by rat Leydig cells and has a major local antireproductive role in the testis. Endocrinology 1990; 127: 1541-1543.
27. Baigent S.M. Peripheral corticotrophin-releasing hormone and urocortin in the control of the immune response. Elsevier peptides ch, 22 pp 809-820, 2001.
28. Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Friedman TC, Melachrinou M, Merino MJ and Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) in thyroid lesions. The American Journal of Pathology. 1994; 145: 1159-1167.
29. Mastorakos G, Bouzas EA, Silver PB, Sartani G, Friedman TC, Chan CC, Caspi RR and Chrousos GP. Immune corticotrophin-releasing hormone is present in the eyes of and promotes experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rodents. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 4650-4658.
30. Zhao J and Karalis KP. Regulation of NF-kB by corticotrophin-releasing hormone in mouse thymocytes. Molecular Endocrinology. 2002; 16: 2561-2570.
31. Zbytek B, Pfeffer LM and Slominski AT. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates NF-kB in human epidermal keratinocytes. Journal of Endocrinology 2004; 181: R1-R7.
32. Karalis K, Sano H, Redwine J, Listwak S, Wilder RL and Chrousos GP. Autocrine or paracrine inflammatory actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in vivo. Science 1991; 254: 421-423.
33. Linton EA, Wolfe CD, Behan DP and Lowry PJ. A specific carrier substance for human corticotrophin releasing factor in late gestational maternal plasma which could mask the ACTH-releasing activity. Clinical Endocrinology (Oxf) 1988; 28: 315-324.
34. Guillemin R. Hypothalamic hormones a.k.a. hypothalamic releasing factors. Journal of Endocrinology 2005; 184: 11-28.
35. Perrin M.H. and Vale W.W. 1999 Corticotropin releasing factor receptors and their ligand family. Annals NewYork Academy of Science 1999; 885: 312-328.
36. Agelaki S, Tsatsanis C, Gravanis A and Margioris AN. Corticotropin-releasing hormone augments proinflammatory cytokine production from macrophages in vitro and in lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxin shock in mice. Infection and immunity 2002; 70: 6068-6074.
37. Mastorakos G., Webster E.L., Friedman T.C., Chrousos G.P. Immunoreactive corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and its binding sites in the rat ovary. J. Clin. Invest. 1993, 92:961-968.
38.Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Merino MJ and Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) in normal and polycystic human ovaries. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994; 79: 1191-1197.
39. Catalano RD, Kyriakou T, Chen J, Easton A, Hillhouse EW. Regulation of corticotrophin-releasing hormone type 2 receptors by multiple promoters and alternative splicing: identification of multiple splice variants. Mol Endocrinol 2003; 17:395-410.
40. Johnson JM, Castle J, Garrett-Engele P, Kan Z, Loerch PM, Armour CD, Santos R, Schadt EE, Stoughton R, Shoemaker DD. Genome-wide survey of human alternative pre-mRNA splicing with exon junction microarrays. Science 2003; 302:2141-2144.
41. Pisarchik A, Slominski AT. Alternative splicing of CRH-R1 receptors in human and mouse skin: identification of new variants and their differential expression. FASEB J 2001; 15:2754-2756.
42. Teli Th, Markovic D, Hewitt E. M, Levine A. M, Hillhouse W. E, Grammatopoulos D. Structural domains determining signalling characteristics of the CRH-receptor type 1 variant R1 βand response to PKC phosphorylation. Cellular signaling 2008; 20:40-49.
43. Chen R, Lewis K.A, Perrin M.H, Vale W.W. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993; 90:8967.
44. Markovic D, Lehnert H, Levine MA, Grammatopoulos DK. Structural determinants critical for localization and signalling within the seventh transmembrane domain of the type 1 corticotropin releasing hormone receptor: lessons from the receptor variant R1d. Mol Endocrinol 2008 Nov; 22(11):2505-2519.
45. Yamamori E, Iwasaki Y, Taguchi T, Nishiyama M, Yoshida M, Asai M, Oiso Y, Itoi K, Kambayashi M, Hashimoto K. Molecular mechanisms for corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene repression by glucocorticoid in BE (2)C neuronal cell line. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2007 Jan 29; 264(1-2):142-148.
46. Slominski A, Wortsman J, Pisarchik A, Zbytek B, Linton EA, Mazurkiewicz JE and Wei ET. Cutaneous expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), urocortin, and CRH receptors. The FASEB Journal. 2001; 15: 1678-1693.
47. Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, Grigoriadis DE, Behan DP and DeSouza EB. Corticotropin releasing factor receptors: from molecular biology to drug design. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 1996; 17: 166-172.
48. Asakura H, Zwain IH, Yen SSC. (1997) Expression of genes encoding corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), type 1 CRF receptor, and CRF-binding protein and localization of the gene products in the human ovary. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 82:2720-2725.
49. Mastorakos G, Scopa CD, Kao LC, Vryonidou A, Friedman TC, Kattis D, Phenekos C, Rabin D and Chrousos GP. Presence of immunoreactive corticotrophin releasing hormone in human endometrium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996; 81: 1046-1050.
50. Seres J, Bornstein St, Seres P, Willenberg H, Schulte K, Scherbaum W, Ehrhart-Bornstein M. Corticotropin-releasing Hormone System in Human Adipose Tissue. The JCEM 2004; 89(2):965-970.
51. Friedberg M, Zoumakis E, Hiroi N, Bader T, Chrousos GP, Hochberg Z. Modulation of 11 a hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in mature human subcutaneous adipocytes by hypothalamic messengers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88:385-393.
52. Chen R, Lewis KA, Perrin MH and Vale WW. Expression cloning of a human corticotrophin releasing factor receptor. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1993; 90: 8967-8971.
53. Hauger RL and Aguilera G. Regulation of pituitary corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors by CRH: interaction with vasopressin. Endocrinology 1993;133:1708-1714.
54. Agarwal A, Halvorson LM, Legradi G. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) mimics neuroendocrine and behavioural manifestations of stress: evidence for PKA-mediated expression of the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) gene. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005; 138:45-57.
55. Kiang J.G, Wang X, McClain D.E. Corticotropin-releasing factor increases protein kinase C activity by elevating membrane bound alpha and beta isoforms. Chin. J. Physiol. 1994; 37:105-110.
56. Zhao J and Karalis KP. Regulation of NF-KB by CRH in mouse thymocytes. Molecular Endocrinology 2002;16: 2561-2570.
57. Rossant CJ, RD Pinnock, J Hughes, MD Hall and S McNulty. Corticotropin releasing factor type 1 and type 2 a receptors regulate phosphorylation of calcium/cyclic adenosine 3’- 5’-monophosphate response element-binding protein and activation of p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinase. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 1525-1536.
58. Sananbenesi F, Fischer A, Schrick C, Spiess J, Radulovic J . Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in the hippocampus and its modulation by corticotrophin releasing factor receptor 2: a possible link between stress and fear memory. The Journal of Neuroscience 2003; 23: 11436-11443.
59. Pedersen W.A, Wan R, Zhang P, Mattson M.P. Urocortin, but not urocortin II, protects cultured hippocampal neurons from oxidative and excitotoxic cell death via corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor type I. J. Neurosci. 2002; 22:404-412.
60. Dieterich K.D, DeSouza E.B. Functional corticotrophin-releasing factor receptors in human neuroblastoma cells. Brain. Res. 1996;733:113-118.
61. Dermitzaki E, Tsatsanis Ch, Charalampopoulos I, Androulidaki A, Alexaki V.I, Castanas E, Gravanis A, Margioris A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone activates protein kinase C in an isoenzyme-specific manner. Bioch. and Bioph. Res.Com. 2005;327:828-836.
62. Kuryshev YA,Childs GV, Ritchie AK. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation of Ca2+ entry in corticotropes is partially dependent on protein kinase A. Endocrinology 1995; 136:3925:3935.
63. Kuryshev YA, Childs GV, Ritchie AK. Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates Ca2+ entry through L- and P-type Ca2+ channels in rat cortcotropes. Endocrinology 1996; 137:2269-2277.
64. Dermitzaki E, Tsatsanis Ch, Alexaki V.I, Castanas E, Margioris A. Roles of protein kinase A (PKA) and PKC on corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-induces elevation f cytosolic calcium from extra-and intra-cellular sources. Hormones 2004; 3(4):252-258.
65. Marcovic D, Papadopoulou N, Teli Th, Randeva H, Levine MA, Hillhouse EW, Grammatopoulos DK. Differential responses of corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor type 1 variants to protein kinase C phosphorylation. The J. of Pharm. And Exper. Theur. 2006; 319:1032-1042.
66. Zhao Jie, Karalis P. Katia .Regulation of nuclear factor-KB by coricotropin releasing hormone in mouse thymocytes. Molecular Endocrinology 2002; 16(11):2561-2570.
67. Wright HV, Bailey D, Kashyap M, Kepley CL, Drutskaya MS, Nedospasov SA and Ryan JJ. IL-3 mediated TNF production is necessary for mast cell development. The Journal of Immunology 2006; 176: 2114-2121.
68. Cao J, Papadopoulou N, Kempuraj D, Boucher WS, Sugimoto K, Cetrulo CL and Theoharides TC. Human mast cells express corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) receptors and CRH leads to selective secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor .The Journal of Immunology 2005; 174: 7665-7675.
69. Elenkov IJ, Papanicolaou DA, Wilder RL and Chrousos GP. Modulatory effects of glucocorticoids and catecholamines on human interleukin-12 and interleukin-10 production: clinical implications. Proceedings of the Association of American Physicians. 1996;108: 374-381.
70. Blotta MH, DeKruyff RH and Umetsu DT. Corticosteroids inhibit IL-12 production in human monocytes and enhance their capacity to induce IL-4 synthesis in CD4+ lymphocytes. Journal of Immunology 1997;158: 5589-5595.
71. Ramierez F, Fowell DJ, Puklavec M, Simmonds S and Mason D. Glucocorticoids promote a TH2 cytokine response by CD4+ T cells in vitro. Journal of Immunology 1996; 156:2406-2412.
72. Panina-Bordignon P, Mazzeo D, Lucia PD, D'Ambrosio D, Lang R, Fabbri L, Self C and Sinigaglia F. Beta2-agonists prevent Th1 development by selective inhibition of interleukin 12. Journal of Clinical Investigations 1997;100: 1513-1519.
73. Elenkov IJ, Webster EL, Torpy DJ and Chrousos GP. Stress, corticotropin releasing hormone, glucocorticoids, and the immune/inflammatory response: acute and chronic effects. Annals of NewYork Academy of Science1999; 876: 1-13.
74. Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP, Weber JS. Recombinant interleukin-6 activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 1690-1694.
75. Mastorakos G, Weber JS, Magiakou MA, Gunn H and Chrousos GP. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation and stimulation of systemic vasopressin secretion by recombinant interleukin-6 in humans: potential implications for the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994; 79: 934-939.
76. Dimopoulou I, Tsagarakis S, Kouyialis AT, Roussou P, Assithianakis G, Christoforaki M, Ilias I, Sakas DE, Thalassinos N, Roussos C. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysfunction in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury: incidence, pathophysiology,and relationship to vasopressor dependence and peripheral interleukin-6 levels. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:404-408.
77. Silverman ES, Breault DT, Vallone J, Subramanian S, Yilmaz AD, Mathew S, Subramaniam V, Tantisira K, Pacak K, Weiss ST and Majzoub JA. Corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency increases allergen-induced airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 2004; 114: 747-754.
78. Johnson EO, Skopouli FN and Moutsopoulos HM. Neuroendocrine manifestations in Sjogren's syndrome. Rheum Diseases Clinics of North America. 2000; 26: 927-949.
79. Porter N, Beynon HL and Randeva H.S. Endocrine and reproductive manifestations of sarcoidosis Q J Med 2003; 96: 553-561.
80. Genedani S, Filaferro M, Carone C, Ostan R, Bucci L, Cevenini E, Franceschi C, Monti D. Influence of f-MLP, ACTH(1-24) and CRH on in vitro chemotaxis of monocytes from centenarians. Neuroimmunomodulation. 2008; 15(4-6):285-289.
81. Kavelaars A, Berkenbosch F, Croiset G, Ballieux RE and Heijnen CJ. Induction of beta-endorphin secretion by lymphocytes after subcutaneous administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology 1990; 126: 759-764.
82. Kohno M., KawahitoY, Tsubouchi Y, Hashiramoto A.,Yamada R, Inoue KI, Kusaka Y, Kubo T, Elenkov IJ, Chrousos GP, Kondo M, Sano H. Urocortin Expression in Synovium of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis: Relation to Inflammatory Activity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2001; 86: 4344-4352.
83. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K, Friedman TC, Epps HR, Remmers EF, Mathern P, Chrousos GP and Wilder RL.. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in synovial fluids and tissues of patients with rheumatoid arhtritis and osteoarthritis. The Journal of Immunology 1993; 151: 1-10.
84. Mastorakos G, Silver PB, Bouzas EA, Caspi RR, Chan CC and Chrousos GP. Immunoreactive corticotropin releasing hormone in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rodents. Endocrinology. 1995; 136: 4650-4658.
85. Poulaki V, Mitsiades N, Mastorakos G, Caspi RR, Chrousos GP and Bouzas E. Fas/fas ligand-associated apoptosis in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis in rodents: role of proinflammatory corticotropin-releasing hormone. Experimental Eye Research 2001; 72: 623-629.
86. Karalis K, Mastorakos G, Chrousos GP and Tolis G. Somatostatin analogues suppress the inflammatory reaction in vivo. Journal of Clinical Investigations 1994; 93: 2000-2006.
87. Karalis K, Mastorakos G, Sano H, Wilder RL and Chrousos GP. Somatostatin may participate in the anti-inflammatory actions of glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 1995; 136: 4133-4138.
88. Anton MA, Gay J, Mykoniatis A, Pan A, Brien M, Brown D, Karalis K and Pothoulakis C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) requirement in Clostridium difficile toxin A-mediated intestinal inflammation. Proceedings of the National. Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004; 101: 8503-8508.
89. La JH, Sung TS, Kim HJ, Kim TW, Kang TM, Yang IS. Peripheral corticotropin releasing hormone mediates post-inflammatory visceral hypersensitivity in rats. World J Gastroenterol. 2008; 14(5):731-736.
90. Crofford LJ, Sano H, Karalis K, Webster EL, Goldmuntz EA, Chrousos GP and Wilder RL. Local secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the joints of Lewis rats with inflammatory arthritis. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1992; 90: 2555-2564.
91. Ralph JA, Zocco D, Bresnihan B, Fitzgerald O, McEvoy AN, Murphy EP. A role for type 1alpha corticotropin-releasing hormone receptors in mediating local changes in chronically inflamed tissue. Am J Pathol. 2007 ;170(3):1121-1133.
92. Benou C, Wang Y, Imitola J, VanVlerken L, Chandras C, Karalis KP and Khoury SJ. Corticotropin-releasing hormone contributes to the peripheral inflammatory response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Journal of Immunology 2005; 174: 5407-5413.
93. Ian M.R. Wright. Corticotropin-releasing hormone causes vasodilation in human skin via mast cell-dependent pathways. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and metabolism 2003; 88: 5427-5432.
94. Kempuraj D, Papadopoulou NG, Lytinas M, Huang M, Kandere-Grzybowska K, Madhappan B, Boucher W, Christodoulou S, Athanassiou A and Theocharides TC. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells. Endocrinology 2004; 145: 43-48.
95. Mann-Chandler MN, Kashyap M, Wright HV, Norozian F, Barnstein BO, Gingras S, Parganas E and Ryan JJ. IFN-gammainduces apoptosis in developing mast cells. The Journal of Immunology 2005;175: 3000-3005.
96. Chandras C, Koutmani Y, Kokkotou E, Pothoulakis C, Karalis KP. Activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B by corticotrophin releasing factor in human monocytes. Endocrinology 2009; Epub Jul 23.
97. Kalantaridou SN, Makrigiannakis A, Mastorakos G and Chrousos GP. Roles of reproductive corticotropin-releasing hormone. Annals of NewYork Academy of Science 2003; 99: 7125-7135.
98. Mastorakos G, Ghizzoni L, Webster EL and Chrousos GP.Autocrine-paracrine role of ovarian corticotropin- releasing hormone Annals of New York Academy of Science 1997; 816: 27-41.
99. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Chrousos G.P and Gravanis A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) is expressed at the implantation sites of early pregnant rat uterus. Life Sciences 1995; 57: 1869-1875.
100. Calogero AE, Burrello N, Negri-Cesi P, Papale L, Palumbo MA, Cianci A, Sanfilippo S and D'Agata R. Effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone on ovarian estrogen production in vitro. Endocrinology. 1996; 137: 4161-4166.
101. Ghizzoni L, Mastorakos G, Vottero A, Barreca A, Furlini M, Cesarone A, Ferrari B, Chrousos GP and Bernasconi S. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) inhibits steroid biosynthesis by cultured human granulosa-lutein cells in a CRH and interleukin-1 receptor-mediated fashion. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 4806-4811.
102. Erden HF, Zwain IH, Asakura H, Yen SSC. Corticotropin-releasing factor inhibits luteinizing hormone-stimulated P450c17 gene expression and androgen production by isolated theca cells of human ovarian follicles. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1998; 83: 448-452.
103. Muramatsu Y, Sugino N, Suzuki T, Totsune K, Takahashi K, Tashiro A, Hongo M, Oki Y and Sasano H. Urocortin and corticotropin-releasing factor receptor expression in normal cycling human ovaries. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2001; 86: 1362-1369.
104. Xiao E, Xia-Zhang l, Vulliemoz N, Rivier J, Ferin M. Astressin B, a corticotropin releasing hormone receptor antagonist, accelerates the return to normal luteal function after an inflammatory-like stress challenge in the rhesus monkey. Endocrinology 2007; 148(2): 841-848.
105. Yata A, Nakabayashi K, Wakahashi S, Maruo N, Ohara N, Maruo T. Suppresion of progesterone production by stresscopin/urocortin 3 in cultured human granulosa-lutein cells. Hum. Reprod. 2009; 24(7):1748-1753.
106. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Theodoropoulos P, Stournaras C and Gravanis A. The corticotropin-releasing hormone in normal and tumoral epithelial cells of human endometrium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 1995a; 80: 185-189.
107. Di Blasio A M, Giraldi P F, Vigano P, Petraglia F, Vignali M and Cavagnini F. Expression of Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its R1 receptor in human endometrial stromal cells. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.1997; 82: 1594-1597.
108. Grammatopoulos D and Hillhouse EW. Solubilization and biochemical characterization of the human myometrial corticotrophin-releasing hormone receptor. Molecular Cellular Endocrinology 1998; 138: 185-198.
109. Grammatopoulos D K, Dai Y, Randeva H S, Levine M, Karteris E., Easton A and Hillhouse E W. A novel spliced variant of the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor with a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain present in the human pregnant term myometrium and fetal membranes. Molecular Endocrinology 1999; 13: 2189-2202.
110. Clifton V L, Telfer J F, Thompson A J, Cameron I T, Teoh T G, Lye S J and Challis J R.Corticotropin-releasing hormone and proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides are present in human myometrium. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.1998; 83: 3716-3721.
111. Linton E A, Woodman J R, Asboth B P, Plested C P and Lopez Bernal A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone : its potential for a role in human myometrium.Experimental Physiology(Uterine Contractility Symposium) 2001; 86:(2): 273-281.
112. Gravanis A, Makrigiannakis A, Chatzaki A, Zoumakis E, Tsatsanis C and Margioris A.N. Stress neuropeptides in the human endometrium: Paracrine effects on cell differentiation and apoptosis. Hormones 2002; 1: 139-148.
113. Zoumakis E, Margioris AN, Stournaras C, Dermitzaki E, Angelakis E, Makrigiannakis A, Koumantakis E and Gravanis A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) interacts with inflammatory prostaglandins and interleukins and affects decidualization of human endometrial stroma. Molecular Human Reproduction 2000; 6: 344-351.
114. Riley S, Walton J, Herlick J and Challis J. The localization and distribution of corticotropin- releasing hormone in the placenta and fetal membranes throughout gestation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.1991; 72: 1001-1007.
115. Gravanis A, Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E and Margioris A. Endometrial and myometrial corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH): its regulation and possible roles.Peptides 2001; 22: 785-793.
116. Hillhouse E W and Grammatopoulos D K. Role of stress peptides during human pregnancy and labour. Reproduction 2002; 124: 323-329.
117. Mastorakos G and Ilias I.Maternal hypothalamic-pituitary -adrenal axis in pregnancy and postpartum period. Annals New York Academy of Science 2003; 997: 136-149.
118. Gao L, Lu C, Xu C, Tao Y, Cong B, Ni X. Differential regulation of prostaglandin production mediated by corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor type 1 and type 2 in cultured human placental trophoblasts. Endocrinology 2008; 149(6):2866-2876.
119. Karteris, E., Grammatopoulos, D., Dai, Y., Olah, K. B., Ghobara, T. B., Easton, A., Hillhouse, E. W. The human placenta and fetal membranes express the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 (CRH-1 ) and the CRH-C variant receptor. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1998; 83:1376-1379.
120. Karalis K, Goodwin G, Majzoub JA. Cortisol blockade of progesterone: a possible molecular mechanism involved in the initiation of human labour. Nat Med 1996; 2:556-560.
121. Grammatopoulos DK. Placental corticotrophin-releasing hormone and its receptors in human pregnancy and labour: still a scientific enigma. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 2008; 20: 432-438.
122. Smith R. Parturition. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:271-283.
123. You X, Yang R, Tang X, Gao L, Ni X. Corticotropin releasing hormone stimulates estrogen biosynthesis in cultured human placental trophoblasts. Biol Reprod 2006; 74: 1067-1072.
124. Grammatopoulos D K, Dai Y, Randeva H S, Levine M, Karteris E., Easton A and Hillhouse E W. A novel spliced variant of the type 1 corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor with a deletion in the seventh transmembrane domain present in the human pregnant term myometrium and fetal membranes. Molecular Endocrinology 1999; 13: 2189-2202.
125. Cong B, Zhang L, Gao L, Ni X. Reduced expression of CRH receptor type I in upper segment human myometrium during labour. Reproductive biology and endocrinology 2009; May 12(7):43.
126. Makrigiannakis A, Zoumakis E , Kalantaridou S, Chrousos G P.Endometrial and placental CRH as regulators of human embryo implantation. Journal of Reproductive Immunology.2004: 62: 53-59.
127. Runic R, Lockwood CJ, Ma Y, Dispaquale B and Guller S. Expression of Fas ligand by human cytotrophoblasts: implication in implantation and fetal survival. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1996; 81: 3119-3122.
128. Makrigiannakis A., Zoumakis E., Kalantaridou S., Coutifaris C., Margioris A., Coulos G., Rice K.C., Gravanis A. and Chrousos G.P. Corticotropin-releasing hormone promotes blastocyst implantation and early maternal tolerance. Nature Immunology. 2001; 2: 1018-1024.
129. Minas V, Jeshke U, Kalantaridou SN, Richter DU, Reimer T, Mylonas I, Friese K, Makrigiannakis A. Abortion is associated with increased expression of FasL in decidual leukocytesand apoptosis of extravillous trophoblasts:a role for CRH and urocortin. Molecular Human Reproduction 2007; 13(9):663-673.
130. Sirianni R, Mayhew B A, Carr B R, Parker C R and Rainey W E. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and Urocortin act through type 1 CRH receptors to stimulate dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production in human fetal adrenal cells. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005; 90: 5393-5400.
131. Karteris E, Vatish M, Hillhouse E W and Grammatopoulos D K. Preeclampsia is associated with impaired regulation of the placental nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and CRH-related peptides. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2005; 90: 3680-3687.
132. Madhappan B, Kempuraj D, Christopoulou S, Tsapikidis S, Boucher W, Karagiannis V, Athanasiou A, Theoharides Th. High levels of intrauterine corticotrophin-releasing hormone, urocortin, tryptase and interleukin-8 in spontaneous abortions. Edocrinology 2003;144(6):2285-2290.
133. Vatish M, Randeva HS, Grammatopoulos DK. Hormonal regulation of placental nitric oxide and pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Trends Mo med. 2006; 12:223-233.
134. Sirianni R, Rehman KS, Carr BR, Parker Jr CR, Rainey WE. Corticotropin releasing hormone directly simulates cortisol and the cortisol biosynthetic pathway in human fetal adrenal cells. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 279-285.
135. Dharia S, Slane A, Jian M, Conner M, Conley AJ, Parker Jr CR. Colocalization of P450c17 and cytochrome b5 in androgen-synthesizing tissues of the human. Biol Reprod. 2004;71:83-88.
136. Robinson BG, Emanuel RL, Frim DM, Majzoub JA. Glucocorticoid stimulates expression of corticotrophin-releasing hormone gene in human placenta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85:5244-5248.
137. Herrmann TS, Siega-Riz A M, Hobel C J, Aurora C and Dunkel-Schetter C. Prolonged periods without food intake during pregnancy increase risk for elevated maternal corticotropin-releasing hormone concentrations. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology2001; 185: 403-413.
138. Rosenberg L, Palmer JR, Wise LA, Horton N J and Corwin M J.Perceptions of racial discrimination and the risk of preterm birth. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 646-652.
139. Rich-Edwards J W and Grizzard T A. Psychosocial stress and neuroendocrine mechanisms in Structural Determinants Critical for Localization and Signalling within the Seventh Transmembrane Domain of the Type 1 Corticotropin Releasing Hormone Receptor: Lessons from the Receptor Variant R1dpreterm delivery. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2005; 192: 30-35.
140. Florio P, Lowry PJ, Benedetto C, Galleri L, Torricelli M, Giovannelli A, Battista R, Reis FM, Petraglia F. Maternal plasma corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) and CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP) levels in post-term pregnancy: effect of prostaglandin administration. Eur J Endocrinol 2007; 157:279-284.
141. Zicari A, Ticconi C, Realaci M, Cela O, Santangelo C, Pietropolli A, Ruso MA, Piccione E. Hormonal regulation of cytokine release by human fetal membranes at term estation:effects of oxytocin, hydrocortisone and progesterone on tumor necrosis factor-aand transformig growth factor-b 1 output. J reprod Immunol 2002;56:123-136.
142. Vitoratos N, Mastorakos G, Kountouris A, Papadias K, Creatsas G. Positive association of serum interleukin-1βand CRH levels in women with pre-term labor. J Endocrinol Invest. 2007; 30:35-40.
143. Vitoratos N, Papatheodorou DC, Kalantaridou SN, Mastorakos G. Reproductive corticotropin-Releasing Hormone.Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:310-8.
144. Webster, E.L.., Lewis, D.B., Torpy, D.J., Zachman, E.K., Rice, K.C., Chrousos, G.P. In vivo and in vitro Characterization of Antalarmin, a nonpeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptor antagonist: Suppression of Pituitary ACTH Release and Peripheral inflammation. Endocrinology 1996; 137:5747-5750.
145. Webster, E.L. Corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH) antagonist attenuates adjuvant-induced arthritis: role of CRH in peripheral inflammation.J.Rheumatol. 2002;29:1252-1261.
146. Broadbear JH, Winger G, Rivier JE, Rice KC, Woods JH. Corticotropin releasing hormone antagonists, astressin B and antalarmin: differing profiles of activity in rhesus monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2004; 29(6):1112-1121.
147. Gao L, Lu C, Xu C, Tao Y, Cong B, Ni X. Differential regulation of prostaglandin production mediated by corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor type 1 and type 2 in cultured human placental trophoblasts. Endocrinology 2008; 149(6):2866-2876.
148. Theoharides TC, Singh LK, Boucher W, Pang X, Letourneau R, Webster E and Chrousos G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability; a possible explanation for its proinflammatory effects. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 403-413.
149. Esposito P, Chandler N, Kandere K, Basu S, Jacobson S, Conolly R and Theoharides T.C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and brain mast cells regulate BBB permeability induced by acute stress. Journal of Pharmacological Experimental Therapeutics 2002; 303: 1061-1066.
150. Kawahito Y, Sano H, Mukai S, Asai K, Kimura S, Yamamura Y, Kato H, Chrousos G.P., Wilder R.L and Kondo M. Corticotropin-releasing hormone in colonic mucosa in patients with ulcerative colitis. Gut 1995; 37: 544 -551.
151. Gravanis A and Margioris A. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) Family of Neuropeptides in Inflammation: Potential Therapeutic Applications. Bioactive Peptides for Immune Disease Therapy. Current Medicinal Chemistry 2005; 13: 1467.
152. Chan E.C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist delays parturition in sheep. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 3357-3360.