1. Nathan DM. Long-term complications of diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 1993;328:1676-85.
2. Arieff AI. Kidney, water and electrolyte metabolism in diabetes mellitus. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, Jr., eds. The Kidney. 1st ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1976:1257-96.
3. Parving HH, Mauer M, Ritz E. Diabetic Nephropathy. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2008:1265-98.
4. Brenner BM, Cooper mE, DeZeeuw D, et al. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. New Engl J Med 2001;345:861-9.
5. Preston RA, Stemmer CL, Materson bJ. Renal biopsy in patients 65 years or older: An analysis of the results of 334 renal biopsies. J Am Ger Soc 1990;38:669-78.
6. Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Esler A, Mehler P. Effects of agressive blood pressure control in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients on albuminuria, retinopathy and strokes. Kidney Int 2002;61:1086-97.
7. Kunzelman CL, Knowler WC, Pettit DJ. Incidence of proteinuria in type II diabetes in the Pima indians. Kidney Int 1989;35.
8. Zatz R, Meyer TW, Rennke HG, Brenner BM. Predominance of hemodynamic rather than metabolic factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1985;82:5963-7.
9. Lindner TH, Monks D, Wanner C, Berger M. Genetic aspects of diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 2003;63 (suppl. 84):S186-S91.
10. Seaquist ER, Goetz FC, Rich S, Barbosa J. Familial clustering of diabetic kidney disease: Evidence for genetic susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy. New Engl J Med 1989;320:1161-5.
11. Cowie CC. Diabetic renal disease: Racial and ethnic differences from an epidemiologic prospective. Transplant Proc 1993;25:2426-30.
12. Cowie CC, Port FK, Wolfe RA, Savage PJ, Moll PP, Hawthorne VM. Disparities in incidence of diabetic end-stage renal disease according to race and type of diabetes. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1074-9.
13. Arieff AI. Proteinuria and microalbuminuria as predictors of nephropathy. Hospital Practice 1992;27((suppl. 1)):51-4.
14. Mogensen CE. Microalbuminuria predicts clinical proteinuria and early mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. N Engl J Med 1984;310:356-60.
15. Brenner BM, Meyer TW, Hostetter TH. Dietary protein intake and the progressive nature of kidney disease: the role of hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis in aging, renal ablation, and intrinsic renal disease. N Engl J Med 1982;307:652-60.
16. Brenner BM. Hemodynamically mediated glomerular injury and the progressive nature of kidney disease. Kidney Int 1983;23:647-55.
17. Mogensen CE, Anderson MJF. Increased kidney size and glomerular filtration rate in early juvenile diabetes. Diabetes 1973;22:706-12.
18. Beck-Nielsen H, Richelsen B, Mogensen CE, et al. Effect of insulin pump treatment for one year on renal function and retinal morphology in patients with IDDM. Diabetes Care 1985;8:585-9.
19. Wiseman MJ, Saunders AJ, Keen H, Viberti G. Effect of blood glucose control on increased glomerular filtration rate and kidney size in insulin-dependent diabetes. New Engl J Med 1985;312:617-21.
20. Breyer JA, Bain RP, Evans JK, Nahman NS, Lewis EJ. Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int 1996;50:1651-8.
21. Malouf R, Brust JCM. Hypoglycemia: Causes, neurological manifestations, and outcome. Ann Neurol 1985;17:421.
22. Adler AL, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, Bilous RW, Cull CA, Holman RR. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes: The united kingdom prospective diabetes study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int 2003;63:225-32.
23. Clark CM, Lee DA. Prevention and teatment of the complications of diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 1995;332:1210-7.
24. Levey AS, Bosch JP, Lewis JB, Greene t, Rogers N, Roth D. A more accurate method to estimate glomerular filtration rate from serum creatinine: A new prediction equation. Ann Intern Med 1999;130:461-70.
25. Rollin HA, III, Hall PM, Wei R. Inaccuracy of estimated creatinine clearance for prediction of iothalamate glomerular filtration rate. Am J Kidney Dis 1984;4(1):48-54.
26. Diabetes D. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with Type I diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. New Engl J Med 2000;381-389:977-65.
27. Wirta O, Pasternack A, Laippala P, Turjanmaa V. Glomerular filtration rate and kidney size after six years disease duration in non-insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Clin Nephrol 1996;45:10-7.
28. Haffner SM, Valdez RA, Hazuda HP, Mitchell B. Prospective analysis of insulin- resistence syndrome (syndrome X). Diabetes 1992;41:715-22.
29. Diabetes C. The effects of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-trm complications of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 1993;329:977-65.
30. Richard P, Nisson BY, Rosenquist V. The effect of long term intensified insulin tratment on the development of microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus. New Engl J Med 1993;329:304-11.
31. Ashraf N, Locksley R, Arieff AI. Thiazide-induced hyponatremia associated with death or neurologic damage in outpatients. Amer J Med 1981;70(6):1163-8.
32. UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group U. Intensive blood glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Lancet 1998;352:837-51.
33. Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin dependent daibetes mellitus: A systematic review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1997:1413-99.
34. Bellin J, Stanton KG, McCann VJ. Microalbuminuria in type 2 daibetes mellitus: An independent predictor for cardiovascular mortlaity. Aust N Z J Med 1996;26:519-26.
35. Renal Data System US. USRDS Annual Report, 1999. In: USRDS 1999 Annual Report. Bethesda, MD: NIH, NIDDKD; 1999.
36. Barotti G, Morelli E, Giannoni A, Lupetti S. Restricted phosphorus and nitrogen intake to slow the progression of chronic renal failure: A controlled trial. Kidney int 1983;16, Suppl. 1:S278-S84.
37. Zeller K, Whittaker E, Sullivan L, Raskin P, Jacobson HR. Effect of restricting dietary protein on the progression of renal failure in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1991;324(2):78-84.
38. Bosch JP, Saccaggi A, Lauer A, Ronco C, Belledonne M, Glabman S. Renal functional reserve in humans. Am J Med 1983;75:943-50.
39. Pedrini MT, Levey AS, Lau J, Chalmers TC. The effect of dietary protein restriction on the progression of diabetic and nondiabetic renal disease: A meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:627-32.
40. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. New Engl J Med 1993;329:1456-62.
41. Campbell R, Sangalli F, Perticucci E, Aros C, Viscarra C. Effects of combined ACE inhibitor and angiotensin II antagonist tratment in human chronic nephropathies. Kidney Int 2003;63:1094-103.
42. Linas SL. Are two better than one? Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors plus angiotensin receptor blockers for reducing blood pressure and proteinuria in kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:S17-S23.
43. Anderson S, Meyer TW, Rennke HG, et al. Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J Clin Invest 1985;76:612-9.
44. ACE inhibitors in Diabetic Nephropathy TG. Should all patients with type 1 diabetes mellitis receive angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors? Ann Intern Med 2001;134:370-9.
45. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker lG, Clarke WR, et al. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbosartan in patients with Nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. New Engl J Med 2001;345:851-60.
46. Giovanni FM, Strippoli MC, Schena FP, Craig JC. Antihypertensive agents for primary prevention of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3081-91.
47. Meloni C, Tatangelo P, Cipriani S. Adequate protein dietary restriction in diabetic and nondiabetic patients with chronic renal failure. J Renal Nutr 2004;14:208-13.
48. Arieff AI. Uremic and Dialysis Encephalopathies. In: McCandless DW, ed. Metabolic Encephalopathy. New York: Springer Verlag; 2008:(in press).
49. Sharad G, Saran R, Nolph KW. Indications, contraindications and complications of peritoneal dialysis in the critically ill. In: Ronco C, Bellomo R, eds. Critical Care Nephrology. Hingham, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1998:1373-82.
50. Himmelfarb J, Chuang P, Schulman G. Hemodialysis. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2008:1957-2006.
51. Magee CC, Ansari MJ, Millford EL. Renal Transplantation: Clinical Management. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2008:2138-68.
52. Arieff AI, Myers BD. Diabetic nephropathy. In: Brenner BM, Rector FC, Jr., eds. The Kidney. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1981:1906-49.
53. Nassar GM, Fishbane S, Ayus JC. Occult infection of old nonfunctioning arteriovenous grafts: A novel cause of erythropoietin resistance and chronic inflamation in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002;61:S49-S54.
54. Hariharan S, Pirsch JD, Lu CY, Chan L. Panceas after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:1109-18.
55. Gruessner AC, Sutherland DER, Dunn DL, Najarian JS, Humar A. Pancreas after kidney transplants in posturemic patients with type I diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol 2001;12:2490-9.
56. Manske CL, Wang Y, Thomas W. Mortality of kidney transplantation versus combined kidney-pancreas transplantation in diabetic patients. Lancet 1995;346:1658-61.
57. Fioretto P, Steffes MW, Sutherland DER, Goetz FC, Mauer M. Reversal of lesions of diabetic nephropathy after pancreas transplantation. New Engl J Med 1998;339:69-75.
58. Sasaki TM, Gray RS, Ratner RE. Successful long-term kidney - pancreas transplants in diabetic patients with high C-peptide levels. Transplantation 1998;65:1510-6.
59. DeFronzo RA, Arieff AI. Hyponatremia: Pathophysiology and treatment. In: Arieff AI, DeFronzo RA, eds. Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders. second ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995:255-303.
60. Manske Cl, Sprafka JM, Strony JT. Contrast nephropathy in azotemic diabetic pateints undergoing coronary angiography. Am J Med 1990;89:615-20.
61. Parfrey PS, Griffiths SM, Barrett BJ, et al. Contrast material-induced renal failure in patients with diabetes mellitus, renal insufficiency, or both. A prospective controlled study. N Engl J Med 1989;320:143-9.
62. Kelly AM, Dwamena B, Cronin P, Carlos RC. Meta-analysis: Effectiveness of drugs for preventing contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:284-94.
63. Boswell WD, Jadvar H, Palmer SL. Diagnostic Kidney Imaging. In: Brenner BM, ed. Brenner and Rector's The Kidney. 8th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders; 2008:839-914.