1. Pugh RCB. Pathology of the testis. Oxford, Blackwell, 1976.

2. Skakkebaek NE. Possible carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Lancet ii: 516-517, 1972.

3. Skakkebaek NE, Berthelsen JG, Giwercman A, Müller J. Carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Possible origin from gonocytes and precursor of all types of germ cell tumours except spermatocytoma. Int J Androl 10: 19-28, 1987.

4. Chresta CM, Masters JWR, Hickman JA. Hypersensitivity of human testicular tumors to etoposide-induced apoptosis is associated with functional p53 and a high bax:bcl-2 ratio. Cancer Res 56: 1834-1841, 1996.

5. Clemmesen J. Testis cancer incidence: suggestion of a world pattern. Int J Androl Suppl. 4: 111-120, 1981.

6. Adami HO, Bergström R, Möhner M, Zatonski W, Storm H, Ekbom A, Tretli S, Teppo L, Ziegler H, Rahu M, Gurevicius R, Stengrevics A. Testicular cancer in nine northern European countries. Int J Cancer 59: 33-33, 1994.

7. Zheng T, Holford TR, Ma Z, Ward BA, Flannery J, Boyle P. Continuing increase in incidence of germ-cell testis cancer in young adults: experience from Connecticut, USA 1935-1992. Int J Cancer 65: 723-729, 1996.

8. Østerlind A. Diverging trends in incidence and mortality of testicular cancer in Denmark, 1943-1982. Br J Cancer 65: 769-771, 1992.

9. McKiernan JM, Goluboff ET, Liberson GL, Golden R, Fisch H. Rising risk of testicular cancer by birth cohort in the United States from 1973 to 1995. J Urol 162: 361-363.

10. Huyghe E, Matsuda T, Thonneau P. Increasing incidence of testicular cancer worldwide: A review. J Urol 170: 5-11, 2003.

11. Mostofi FK, Sesterhenn IA, Sobin LH. World Health Organisation International Histological Classification of Tumours: Histological typing of testis tumours. Second Edition. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 1998.

12. Grigor KM. A new classification of germ cell tumours of the testis. Eur Urol 23: 93-103, 1993.

13. Ulbright TM, Amin MB, Young RH. Atlas of tumor pathology. Tumors of the testis, adnexa, spermatic cord, and scrotum. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington DC, USA, 1999.

14. Oosterhuis JW, Looijenga LHJ. Current views on the pathogenesis of testicular germ cell tumours and perspectives for future research: Highlights of the 5th Copenhagen Workshop on Carcinoma in situ and Cancer of the Testis. APMIS 111: 280-289, 2003.

15. Leake J, Levitt G, Ramani P. Primary carcinoid of the testis in a 10-year old boy. Histopathology 19: 373-375, 1991.

16. Skakkebaek N.E. Carcinoma in situ of the testis: Frequency and relationship to invasive germ cell tumours in infertile men. Histopathology 2: 157-170, 1978.

17. Manivel JC, Simonton S, Wold LE, Dehner LP. Absence of intratubular germ cell neoplasia in testicular yolk sac tumors in children. A histochemical and immunohistochemical study. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 641-645, 1988.

18. Talerman A, Fu YS, Okagaki T. Spermatocytic seminoma. Ultrastructural and microspectrophotometric observations. Lab Invest 51: 343-349, 1984.

19. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jacobsen GK, Bartkova J, Aubry F, Samson M, Bartek J, Skakkebaek NE. The imunohistochemical expression pattern of Chk2, p53, p19-INK4d, MAGE-A4 and other selected antigens provides new evidence for the pre-meiotic origin of spermatocytic seminoma. Histopathology 42: 217-226, 2003.

20. Scully RE. Gonadoblastoma: A review of 74 cases. Cancer 25: 1340-1356, 1970.

21. Van den Eden SK, Weiss NS. Is testicular cancer in blacks increasing? Am J Publ Health 79: 1553-1554, 1989.

22. Wilkinson TJ, Colls BM, Schluter PJ. Increased incidence of germ cell testicular cancer in New Zealand Maoris. Br J Cancer 65: 769-771, 1994.

23. Bergström R, Adami HO, Möhner M, Zatonski W, Storm H, Ekbom A, Tretli S, Teppro L, Akre O, Hakulinen T. Increase in testicular cancer incidence in six European countries: a birth cohort phenomenon. J Natl Cancer Inst 88: 727-733, 1996.

24. Møller H. Clues to the aethiology of testicular germ cell tumours from descriptive epidemiology. Eur Urol 23: 8-15, 1993.

25. Müller J, Skakkebaek NE, Ritzén M, Ploen L, Petersen KE. Carcinoma in situ of the testis in children with 54,X/46,XY gonadal dysgenesis. J Pediatr 106: 431-436, 1985.

26. Scully RE. Neoplasia associated with anomalous sexual development and abnormal sex chromosomes. Ped Adolesc Endocrinol 8: 203-217, 1981.

27. Müller J, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular carcinoma in situ in children with androgen insensitivity (testicular feminisation) syndrome. Br Med J 288: 1419-1420, 1984.

28. Dieckmann KP, Rube C, Henke RP. Association of Down's syndrome and testicular cancer. J Urol 157: 1701-1704, 1997.

29. Giwercman A, Grinsted J, Hansen B, Jensen OM, Skakkebaek NE. Testicular cancer risk in boys with maldescended testis: a cohort study. J Urol 138: 1214-1216, 1987.

30. Campbell HE. Incidence of malignant growth of the undescended testicle. Arch Surg 44: 353-369, 1942.

31. Swerdlow AJ, Huttly SR, Smith PG. Prenatal and familial associations of testicular cancer. Br J Cancer 55: 571-577, 1987.

32. Prener A, Hsieh C-C, Engholm G, Trichopoulos D, Jensen OM. Birth order and risk of testicular cancer. Cancer Causes Control 3: 265-272, 1992.

33. Henderson BE, Benton B, Jing J, Yu MC, Pike MC. Risk factors for cancer of the testis in young men. Int J Cancer 23: 598-602, 1979.

34. Depue RH, Pike MC, Henderson BE. Estrogen exposure during gestation and risk of testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 71: 1151-1155, 1983.

35. Weir HK, Marrett LD, Kreiger N, Darlington GA, Sugar L. Pre-natal and peri-natal exposures and risk of testicular germ-cell cancer. Int J Cancer 87: 438-443, 2000.

36. Harland SJ, Cook PA, Fosså SD, Horwich A, Mead GM, Parkinson MC, Roberts JT, Stenning SP. Intratubular germ cell neoplasia of the contralateral testis in testicular cancer: defining a high risk group. J Urol 160: 1353-1357, 1998.

37. Berthelsen JG, Skakkebaek NE. Gonadal function in men with testis cancer. Fertil Steril 39: 68-75, 1983.

38. Møller H, Skakkebaek NE. Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: case-control study. Br Med J 318: 559-562, 1999.

39. Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Skakkebaek NE, Møller H. Fertility and offspring sex ratio of men who develop testicular cancer: a record linkage study. Hum Reprod 15: 1958-1961, 2000.

40. Jacobsen R, Bostofte E, Engholm G, Hansen J, Olsen J H, Skakkebaek NE, Møller H. Risk of testicular cancer in men with abnormal semen characteristics: cohort study. Br Med J 321: 789-792, 2000.

41. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jørgensen N, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Müller J, Skakkebaek NE. Developmental arrest of germ cells in the pathogenesis of germ cell neoplasia. APMIS 106: 198-206, 1998.

42. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Main KM. Testicular Dysgenesis Syndrome: An increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 16: 972-978, 2001.

43. Hoei-Hansen CE, Holm M, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Histological evidence of testicular dysgenesis in contralateral biopsies of 218 patients with testicular germ cell cancer. J Pathol 200: 370-374, 2003.

44. Skakkebaek NE, Hoei-Hansen CE, Holm M, Jørgensen N, Rajpert-De Meyts E. Association between testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) and testicular neoplasia: Evidence from 20 adult patients with signs of maldevelopment of the testis. APMIS 111: 1-11, 2003.

45. Gondos B. Ultrastructure of developing and malignant germ cells. Eur Urol 23: 68-75, 1993.

46. Jørgensen N, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Græm N, Müller J, Giwercman A, Skakkebaek NE. Expression of immunohistochemical markers for testicular carcinoma in situ by normal human germ cells. Lab Invest 72: 223-231, 1995.

47. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Bartkova J, Samson M., Hoei-Hansen CE, Frydelund-Larsen L, Bartek J, Skakkebæk NE. The emerging phenotype of the testicular carcinoma in situ cell. APMIS 111: 267-279, 2003.

48. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jørgensen N, Müller J, Skakkebaek NE. Prolonged expression of the c-kit receptor in germ cells of intersex fetal testes. J Pathol 178: 166-169, 1996.

49. Bartkova J, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebæk NE, Bartek J. D-type cyclins in adult human testis and testicular cancer: Relation to cell type, proliferation, differentiation, and malignancy. J Pathol 187: 573-581, 1999.

50. Bartkova J, Thulberg M, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebæk NE, Bartek J. Lack of p19INK4d in human testicular germ-cell tumours contrasts with high expression during normal spermatogenesis. Oncogene 19: 4146-4149, 2000.

51. Bartkova J, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE, Lukas J, Bartek J. Deregulation of the G1/S-phase control in human testicular germ cell tumours. APMIS 111: 252-256, 2003.

52. Chaganti RSK, Houldsworth J. Genetics and biology of adult human male germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 60: 1475-1482.

53. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. The possible role of sex hormones in the development of testicular cancer. Eur Urol 23: 54-61, 1993.

54. Rivas A, Fisher JS, McKinnell C, Atanassova N, Sharpe RM. Induction of reproductive tract developmental abnormalities in the male rat by lowering androgen production or action in combination with a low dose of diethylstilbestrol: evidence for importance of the androgen-estrogen balance. Endocrinology 143: 4797-808, 2002.

55. Toppari J, Larsen JC, Christiansen P, Giwercman A, Grandjean P Guillette LJ, Jegou B, Jensen TK, Jouannet P, Keiding N, Leffers H, McLachlan JA, Meyer O, Müller J, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Scheike T, Sharpe R, Sumpter J, Skakkebaek NE. Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens. Environ Health Perspect 104(Suppl 4): 741-803, 1996.

56. Skakkebaek NE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Jørgensen N, Carlsen E, Petersen PM, Giwercman A, Andersen A-G, Jensen TK, Andersson A-M, Müller J. Germ cell cancer and disorders of spermatogenesis: An environmental connection? APMIS 106: 3-12, 1998.

57. Sharpe RM, Skakkebaek NE. Are oestrogens involved in in falling sperm counts and disorders of the male reproductive tract? Lancet 341: 1392-1395, 1993.

58. Nistal M, Paniagua R. Testicular biopsy. Contemporary interpretation. Urol Clin North Am 26: 555-593, 1999.

59. Rørth M, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Andersson L, Dieckmann K-P, Fosså SD, Grigor KM, Hendry WF, Herr HW, Looijenga LHJ, Oosterhuis JW, Skakkebæk NE. Carcinoma in situ of the testis. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl. 205: 166-186, 2000.

60. Dieckmann K-P, Classen J, Loy V. Diagnosis and management of testicular intraepithelial neoplasia (carcinoma in situ) – surgical aspects. APMIS 111: 64-69, 2003.

61. Jacobsen GK, Nørgaard-Pedersen B. Placental alkaline phosphatase in testicular germ cell tumours and in carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand A 92: 323-329, 1984.

62. Burke AP, Mostofi FK. Placental alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry of intratubular malignant germ cells and associated testicular germ cell tumors. Hum Pathol 19: 663-670, 1988.

63. Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebæk NE. Expression of the c-kit protein product in carcinoma in situ and invasive germ cell tumours. Int J Androl 17: 85-92, 1994.

64. Giwercman A, Marks A, Bailey D, Baumal R, Skakkebaek NE. A monoclonal antibody as a marker for carcinoma in situ germ cells of the human adult testis. APMIS 96: 667-670, 1988.

65. Looijenga LH, Stoop H, de Leeuw HP, de Gouveia Brazao CA, Gillis AJ, van Roozendaal KE, van Zoelen EJ, Weber RF, Wolffenbuttel KP, van Dekken H, Honecker F, Bokemeyer C, Perlman EJ, Schneider DT, Kononen J, Sauter G, Oosterhuis JW. POU5F1 (OCT3/4) identifies cells with pluripotent potential in human germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 63: 2244-2250, 2003.

66. Holstein AF, Lauke H. Histologic diagnostics of early testicular germ-cell tumor. Int J Urol 3: 165-172, 1996.

67. Müller M, Lauke H, Hartmann M. The value of the AgNOR staining method in identifying carcinoma in situ testis. Pathol Res Pract 190: 429-435, 1994.

68. Backus ML, Mack LA, Middleton WD, King BF, Winter TC, True LD. Testicular microlithiasis: imaging appearances and pathologic correlation. Radiology 192: 781-785, 1994.

69. Holm M, Lenz S, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek N. Microcalcifications and carcinoma in situ of the testis. BJU Int 87: 144-149, 2001.

70. Holm M, Hoei-Hansen CE, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Skakkebaek NE. Increased risk of carcinoma in situ in patients with testicular germ cell cancer with ultrasonic microlithiasis in the contralateral testicle. J Urol 170: 1163-1167, 2003.

71. Bach AM, Hann LE, Shi W, Giess CS, Yoo H-H, Sheinfeld J, Thaler HT. Is there an increased incidence of contralateral testicular cancer in patients with intratesticular microlithiasis? Am J Roentgenol 180: 497-500, 2003.

72. Brower M, Rustin GJS. Serum tumor markers and their role in monitoring germ cell cancers of the testis. In Vogelzang NT, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, Coffey DS (eds.). Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins, pp. 927-938, 2000.

73. von Eyben FE, de Graaff WE, Marrink J, Blaabjerg O, Sleijfer DT, Koops HS, Oosterhuis JW, Petersen PH, van Echten-Arends J, de Jong B. Serum lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme-1 activity in patients with testicular germ cell tumours correlates with the total number of copies of the short arm of chromosome 12 in the tumour. Mol Gen Genet 235: 140-147, 1991.

74. Lippert M, Ppadopoulos N, Javadpour N. Role of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in testicular cancer. Urology 18: 50-53, 1981.

75. Grigor KM, Detre SI, Kohn J, Neville AM. Serum alpha foetoprotein levels in 153 male patients with germ cell tumours. Br J Cancer 35: 52-58, 1977.

76. Koshida K, Uchibayashi T, Yamamoto H, Hirano K. Significance of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) in the monitoring of patients with seminoma. Br J Urol 77: 138-142, 1996.

77. Gels ME, Marrink J, Visser P, Sleifer DT, Droste JK, Hoekstra HJ, Andrews PW, Schraffordt Koops HS. Importance of a new tumor marker TRA-1-60 in the follow-up of patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous testicular germ cell tumors. Ann Surg Oncol 4: 321-327, 1997.

78. Lajer H, Daugaard G, Andersson AM, Skakkebaek NE. Clinical use of serum TRA-1-60 as tumor marker in patients with germ cell cancer. Int J Cancer 100: 244-246, 2002.

79. Steele GS, Kantoff PW, Richie JP. Staging and imaging of testis cancer. In: Vogelzang NT, Scardino PT, Shipley WU, Coffey DS (eds.). Comprehensive Textbook of Genitourinary Oncology, 2nd edition, Philadelphia, Lippincott Wiliams & Wilkins, pp. 939-949, 2000.

80. Giwercman A, von der Maase H, Berthelsen JG, Rorth M, Bertelsen A, Skakkebaek NE. Localized irradiation of testes with carcinoma in situ: effects on Leydig cell function and eradication of malignant germ cells in 20 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73: 596-603, 1991.

81. Dieckmann K-P, Besserer A, Loy V. Low-dose radiation therapy of testicular intraepithelial neoplasia. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 119: 355-359, 1993.

82. Petersen PM, Giwercman A, Daugaard G, Rørth M, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE, Hansen SW, von der Maase H. Effect of graded testicular doses of radiotherapy in patients treated for carcinoma-in-situ in the testis. J Clin Oncol 20: 1537-1543, 2002.

83. Christensen TB, Daugaard G, Geertsen PF, von der Maase H. Effect of chemotherapy on carcinoma in situ of the testis. Ann Oncol 9: 657-660, 1998.

84. Dieckmann K-P, Loy V. Intratesticular effects of cisplatin-based chemotherapy. Eur Urol 28: 25-30, 1995.

85. Fosså SD, Aass N, Heilo A, Daugaard G, E Skakkebaek N, Stenwig AE, Nesland JM, Looijenga LH, Oosterhuis JW. Testicular carcinoma in situ in patients with extragonadal germ-cell tumours: the clinical role of pretreatment biopsy. Ann Oncol 14: 1412-1418, 2003.

86. Sternberg CN. The management of stage I testis cancer. Urol Clin North Am 25: 435-439, 1998.

87. Daugaard G, Petersen PM; Rørth M. Surveillance in stage I testicular cancer. APMIS 111: 76-85, 2003.

88. Einhorn LH. Treatment of testicular cancer: a new improved method. J Clin Oncol 11: 1777-1781, 1990.

89. Daugaard G, Rørth M. Treatment of poor-risk germ-cell tumours with high dose cisplatin and etoposide combined with bleomycin. Ann Oncol 3. 277-282, 1992.

90. International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group. International Germ Cell Cancer Consensus Classification: a prognostic factor-based staging system for metastatic germ cell cancers. J Clin Oncol 15: 594-603, 1997.

91. Schmoll HJ, Beyer J. Prognostic factors in metastatic germ cell tumors. Semin Oncol 25: 174-185, 1998.

92. Heidenreich A, Sesterhenn IA, Mostofi FK, Moul JW. Prognostic risk factors that identify patients with clinical stage I nonseminomatous germ cell tumors at low risk and high risk for metastasis. Cancer 83: 1002-1011, 1998.

93. Mazumdar M, Bacik J, Tickoo SK, Dobrzynski D, Donadio A, Bajorin D, Motzer R, Reuter V, Bosl GJ. Cluster analysis of p53 and Ki67 expression, apoptosis, alpha-fetoprotein, and human chorionic gonadotrophin indicates a favorable prognostic subgroup within the embryonal carcinoma germ cell tumor. J Clin Oncol, 21: 2679-2688, 2003.

94. George DW, Foster RS, Hromas RA, Robertson KA, Vance GH, Ulbright TM, Gobbett TA, Heiber DJ, Heerema NA, Ramsey HC, Thurston VC, Jung SH, Shen J, Finch DE, Kelley MR, Einhorn LH. Update on late relapse of germ cell tumor: a clinical and molecular analysis. J Clin Oncol 21: 113-122, 2003.

95. Borer JG, Tan PE, Diamond DA. The spectrum of Sertoli cell tumors in children. Urol Clin North Am 27: 529-541, 2000.

96. Harms D, Kock LR. Testicular juvenile granulosa cell and Sertoli cell tumours: a clinicopathological study of 29 cases from the Kiel Paediatric Tumour Registry. Virchows Arch 430: 301-309, 1997.

97. Rushton HG, Belman AB. Testis-sparing surgery for benign lesions of the prepubertal testis. Urol Clin North Am 20: 27-37, 1993.

98. Kaplan GW, Cromie WJ, Kelalis PP, Silber I, Tank ESJr. Gonadal stromal tumors: a report of prepubertal tumor registry. J Urol 136: 300-302, 1986.

99. Cheville JC. Classification and pathology of testicular germ cell and sex cord-stromal tumors. Urol Clin North Am 26: 595-609, 1999.

100. Iczkowski KA, Bostwick DG, Roche PC, Cheville JC. Inhibin A is a sensitive and specific marker for testicular sex cord-stromal tumors. Mod Pathol 11: 774-779, 1998.

101. Toppari, J, Kaipia A, Kaleva M et al. Inhibin gene expression in a large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumour and serum inhibin and activin levels. APMIS 106: 101-113, 1998.

102. Henley JD, Young RH, Ulbright TM. Malignant Sertoli cell tumors of the testis: a study of 13 examples of a neoplasm frequently misinterpreted as seminoma. Am J Surg Pathol 26: 541-550, 2002.

103. Holm M, Rajpert-De Meyts E, Andersson A-M, and Skakkebæk NE. Leydig cell micronodules are a common finding in testicular biopsies from men with impaired spermatogenesis and are associated with decreased Testosterone/LH ratio. J Pathol 199: 378-386, 2003.

104. Shenker A, Laue L, Kosugi S, Merendino JJ Jr, Minegishi T, Cutler GB Jr. A constitutively activating mutation of the luteinizing hormone receptor in familial male precocious puberty. Nature 365: 652-654, 1993.

105. Liu G, Duranteau L, Carel JC, Monroe J, Doyle DA, Shenker A. Leydig-cell tumors caused by an activating mutation of the gene encoding the luteinizing hormone receptor. N Engl J Med 341: 173-176, 1999.

106. Iiri T, Herzmark P, Nakamoto JM, van Dop C, Bourne HR. Rapid GDP release from Gs alpha in patients with gain and loss of endocrine function. Nature 371: 164-168, 1994.

107. Fragoso MC, Latronico AC, Carvalho FM, Zerbini MC, Marcondes JA, Araujo LM, Lando VS, Frazzatto ET, Mendonca BB, Villares SM . Activating mutation of the stimulatory G protein (gsp) as a putative cause of ovarian and testicular human stromal Leydig cell tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2074-2081, 1998.

108. Themmen APN, Brunner HG. Luteinizing hormone receptor mutations and sex differentiation. Eur J Endocrinol 134: 533-540, 1996.

109. Dilworth JP, Farrow GM, Oesterling JE. Non-germ cell tumors of the testis. Urology 37: 399-417, 1991.

110. Rich MA, Keating MA. Leydig cell tumors and tumors associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am 27: 519-528, 2000.

111. Kim I, Young RH, Scully RE. Leydig cell tumors of the testis. A clinicopathologic study of 40 cases and review of the literature. Am J Surg Pathol 9: 177-192, 1985.

112. Bertram KA, Bratlof B, Hodges GF, Davidson H. Treatment of malignant Leydig cell tumor. Cancer 68: 2324-2329, 1991.

113. Cheville JC, Sebo TJ, Lager DJ, Bostwick DG, Farrow GM. Leydig cell tumor of the testis: a clinicopathologic, DNA content, and MIB-1 comparison of nonmetastasizing and metastasizing tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 22: 1361-1367, 1998.

114. Hamwi GJ, Gwinup G, Mostow JH, Besch PK. Activation of testicular adrenal rest tissue by prolonged excessive ACTH production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 23: 861-869, 1963.

115. Rich MA, Keating MA, Levin HS, Kay R Tumors of the adrenogenital syndrome: an aggressive conservative approach. J Urol 160: 1838-1841, 1998.

116. Venara M, Rey R, Bergada I, Mendilaharzu H, Campo S, Chemes H. Sertoli cell proliferations of the infantile testis: an intratubular form of Sertoli cell tumor? Am J Surg Pathol 25: 1237-1244, 2001.

117. Carney JA, Gordon H, Carpenter PC, Shenoy BV, Go VL. The complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation, and endocrine overactivity. Medicine 64: 270-283, 1985.

118. Proppe KH, Scully RE. Large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis. Am J Clin Pathol 74: 607-619, 1980.

119. Washecka R, Dresner MI, Honda SA. Testicular tumors in Carney’s complex. J Urol 167: 1299-1302, 2002.

120. Kratzer SS, Ulbright TM, Talerman A, Srigley JR, Roth LM, Wahle GR, Moussa M, Stephens JK, Millos A, Young RH. Large cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumor of the testis. Contrasting features of six malignant and six benign tumors and a review of literature. Am J Surg Pathol 21: 1271-1280, 1997.

121. Giglio M, Medica M, De Rose AF, Germinale F, Ravetti JL, Carmignani G. Testicular Sertoli cell tumours and relative sub-types. Analysis of clinical and prognostic features. Urol Int 70: 205-210, 2003.

122. Stratakis CA, Carney JA, Lin JP, Papanicolau DA, Karl M, Kastner DL, Pras E, Chrousos GP. Carney complex, a familial multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome. Analysis of 11 kindreds and linkage to the short arm of of chromosome 2. J Clin Invest 97: 699-705, 1996.

123. Casey M, Mah C, Merliss AD, Kirschner LS, Taymans SE, Denio AE, Korf B, Irvine AD, Hughes A, Carney JA, Stratakis CA, Basson CT. Identification of a novel genetic locus for familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex. Circulation 98: 2560-2566, 1998.

124. Stratakis CA, Kirschner LS, Taymans SE, Tomlinson IP, Marsh DJ, Torpy DJ, Giatzakis C, Eccles DM, Theaker J, Houlston RS, Blouin JL, Antonarakis SE, Basson CT, Eng C, Carney JA. Carney complex, Peutz-Jegher syndrome, Cowden disease, and Bannayan-Zonana syndrome share cutaneous and endocrine manifestations, but not genetic loci. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83: 2972-2976, 1998.

125. Kirschner LS, Carney JA, Pack SD, Taymans SE, Giatzakis C, Cho YS, Cho-Chung YS, Stratakis CA. Mutations of the gene encoding the protein kinase A type I-alpha regulatory subunit in patients the Carney complex. Nat Genet 26: 89-92, 2000.

126. Casey M, Vaughan CJ, He J, Hatcher CJ, Winter JM, Weremowicz S, Montgomery K, Kucherlapati R, Morton CC, Basson CT. Mutations in the protein kinase A R1alpha regulatory subunit cause familial cardiac myxomas and Carney complex. J Clin Invest 106: R31-8, 2000.

127. Stratakis CA, Kirschner LS, Carney JA. Clinical and molecular features of the Carney complex: diagnostic criteria and recommendations for patient evaluation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86: 4041-4046, 2001.

128. Hertl MC, Wiebel J, Schäfer H, Willig HP, Lambrecht W. Feminizing Sertoli cell tumors associated with Peutz-Jegher syndrome: an increasingly recognized cause of prepubertal gynecomastia. Plast Reconstr Surg 102: 1151-1157, 1998.

129. Hemminki A, Markie D, Tomlison I, Avizienyte E, Roth S, Loukola A, Bignell G, Warren W, Aminoff M, Hoglund P, Jarvinen H, Kristo P, Pelin K, Ridanpaa M, Salovaara R, Toro T, Bodmer W, Olschwang S, Olsen AS, Stratton MR, de la Chapelle A, Aaltonen LA. A serine/threonine kinase gene defective in Peutz-Jegher syndrome. Nature 391: 184-187, 1998.

130. Zukerberg LR, Young RH, Scully RE. Sclerosing Sertoli cell tumor of the testis. A report of 10 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 15: 829-834, 1991.

131. Gravas S, Papadimitriou K, Kyriakidis A. Sclerosing sertoli cell tumor of the testis--a case report and review of the literature. Scand J Urol Nephrol 33:197-199, 1999.

132. Young RH, Koelliker DD, Scully RE. Sertoli cell tumors of the testis, not otherwise specified. Am J Surg Pathol 22:709-721, 1998.

133. Jimenez-Quintero LP, Ro JY, Zavala-Pompa A, Amin MB, Tetu B, Ordonez NG, Ayala AG. Granulosa cell tumor of the adult testis: a clinicopathologic study of seven cases and a review of the literature. Hum Pathol 24: 1120-1125, 1993.

134. Eble JN, Hull MT, Warfel KA, Donohue JP. Malignant sex cord-stromal tumor of testis. J Urol 131: 546-551, 1984.

135. Kommoss F, Oliva E, Bittinger F, Kirkpatrick CJ, Amin MB, Bhan AK, Young RH, Scully RE. Inhibin-alpha CD99, HEA125, PLAP, and chromogranin immunoreactivity in testicular neoplasms and the androgen insensitivity syndrome. Hum Pathol 31: 1055-1061, 2000.

136. Rey R, Sabourin JC, Venara M, Long WQ, Jaubert F, Zeller WP, Duvillard P, Chemes H, Bidart JM. Anti-Mullerian hormone is a specific marker of Sertoli- and granulosa-cell origin in gonadal tumors. Hum Pathol 31: 1202-1208, 2000.

137. Ketola I, Pentikainen V, Vaskivuo T, Ilvesmaki V, Herva R, Dunkel L, Tapanainen JS, Toppari J, Heikinheimo M. Expression of transcription factor GATA-4 during human testicular development and disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85: 3925-3931, 2000.

138. Morrish DW, Venner PM, Siy O, Barron G, Bhardwaj D, Outhet D. Mechanisms of endocrine dysfunction in patients with testicular cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 82: 412-418, 1990.

139. Petersen PM, Skakkebaek NE, Giwercman A. Gonadal function in men with testicular cancer: Biological and clinical aspects. APMIS 106: 24-36, 1998.