1 Hamilton JB. Male hormone stimulation is a prerequisite and an incitant in common baldness. Am J Anat 1942;71:451-80.

2 Orentreich N. Autografts in alopecias and other selected dermatological conditions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1959;83:463-79.

3 Imperato-McGinley J, Guerrero L, Gautier T, et al. Steroid 5alpha-reductase deficiency in man: an inherited form of male pseudohermaphroditism. Science 1974;186:1213-5.

4 Kaufman KD, Olsen EA, Whiting D, et al. Finasteride in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;39:578-89.

5 Andersson S, Berman DM, Jenkins EP, et al. Deletion of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene in male pseudohermaphroditism. Nature 1991;354:159-61.

6 Jenkins EP, Andersson S, Imperato-McGinley J, et al. Genetic and pharmacological evidence for more than one human steroid 5 alpha-reductase. J Clin Invest 1992;89:293-300.

7 Ellis JA, Sinclair R, Harrap SB. Androgenetic alopecia: pathogenesis and potential for therapy. Expert Rev Mol Med 2002;2002:1-11.

8 Setty LR. Hair patterns of scalp of white and Negro males. Am J Phys Anthropol 1970;33:49-55.

9 Ellis JA, Harrap SB. The genetics of androgenetic alopecia. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:149-54.

10 Osborne D. Inheritance of baldness. J Hered 1916;347-55.

11 Kuster W, Happle R. The inheritance of common baldness: two B or not two B? J Am Acad Dermatol 1984;11:921-6.

12 Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Genetic analysis of male pattern baldness and the 5alpha-reductase genes. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:849-53.

13 Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Polymorphism of the androgen receptor gene is associated with male pattern baldness. J Invest Dermatol 2001;116:452-5.

14 Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Insulin gene polymorphism and premature male pattern baldness in the general population. Clin Sci (Lond) 1999;96:659-62.

15 Kaufman KD. Androgen metabolism as it affects hair growth in androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:697-711.

16 Hamilton JB. Effect of castration in adolescent and young adult males upon further changes in the proportion of bare and hairy scalp. J Clin Endrocrinol Metabol 1960;20:1309-18.

17 Griffin JE, Wilson JD. The resistance syndromes: 5a reductase deficiency, testicular feminisation and related disorders. In:Baudet AL, Sly WS, Valle D, editors. The metabolic basis of inherited disease. edn. New York. McGraw Hill; 1989. p. 1919-44.

18 Sinclair RD, Greenland K, van Egmond S, et al. Men with Kennedy¿s disease have a reduced risk of androgenetic alopecia [unpublished observations]. In: St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia, 2007.

19 Schweikert HU, Wilson JD. Regulation of human hair growth by steroid hormones. II. Androstenedione metabolism in isolated hairs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1974;39:1012-9.

20 Jones LN, Sinclair RD, Rivett DE. Androgen metabolism and human hair growth. Chem Aust 1997;64:12-3.

21 Itami S, Kurata S, Sonoda T, et al. Characterization of 5 alpha-reductase in cultured human dermal papilla cells from beard and occipital scalp hair. J Invest Dermatol 1991;96:57-60.

22 Chen W, Thiboutot D, Zouboulis CC. Cutaneous androgen metabolism: basic research and clinical perspectives. J Invest Dermatol 2002;119:992-1007.

23 Bayne EK, Flanagan J, Einstein M, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of types 1 and 2 5alpha-reductase in human scalp. Br J Dermatol 1999;141:481-91.

24 Sreekumar GP, Pardinas J, Wong CQ, et al. Serum androgens and genetic linkage analysis in early onset androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:277-9.

25 Itami S, Kurata S, Sonoda T, et al. Interaction between dermal papilla cells and follicular epithelial cells in vitro: effect of androgen. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:527-32.

26 Demark-Wahnefried W, Lesko SM, Conaway MR, et al. Serum androgens: associations with prostate cancer risk and hair patterning. J Androl 1997;18:495-500.

27 Burton JL, Halim MM, Meyrick G, et al. Male-pattern alopecia and masculinity. Br J Dermatol 1979;100:567-71.

28 Thornton MJ, Hamada K, Messenger AG, et al. Androgen-dependent beard dermal papilla cells secrete autocrine growth factor(s) in response to testosterone unlike scalp cells. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111:727-32.

29 Itami S, Kurata S, Takayasu S. Androgen induction of follicular epithelial cell growth is mediated via insulin-like growth factor-I from dermal papilla cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1995;212:988-94.

30 Uno H, Adachi K, Montagna W. Morphological and biochemical studies of hair follicle in common baldness of stump-tailed macaque [Macaca speciosa]. In:Montagna W, Dobson RL, editors. Hair growth, advances in biology of skin. edn. Oxford. Pergamon Press; 1969. p. 221-45.

31 Choudhry R, Hodgins MB, Van der Kwast TH, et al. Localization of androgen receptors in human skin by immunohistochemistry: implications for the hormonal regulation of hair growth, sebaceous glands and sweat glands. J Endocrinol 1992;133:467-75.

32 Liang T, Hoyer S, Yu R, et al. Immunocytochemical localization of androgen receptors in human skin using monoclonal antibodies against the androgen receptor. J Invest Dermatol 1993;100:663-6.

33 Randall VA, Thornton MJ, Messenger AG. Cultured dermal papilla cells from androgen-dependent human hair follicles (e.g. beard) contain more androgen receptors than those from non-balding areas of scalp. J Endocrinol 1992;133:141-7.

34 Thornton MJ, Laing I, Hamada K, et al. Differences in testosterone metabolism by beard and scalp hair follicle dermal papilla cells. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993;39:633-9.

35 Itami S, Kurata S, Takayasu S. 5 alpha-reductase activity in cultured human dermal papilla cells from beard compared with reticular dermal fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 1990;94:150-2.

36 Boudou P, Reygagne P. Increased scalp skin and serum 5 alpha-reductase reduced androgens in a man relevant to the acquired progressive kinky hair disorder and developing androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol 1997;133:1129-33.

37 Sawaya ME, Price VH. Different levels of 5alpha-reductase type I and II, aromatase, and androgen receptor in hair follicles of women and men with androgenetic alopecia. J Invest Dermatol 1997;109:296-300.

38 Kligman AM. The human hair cycle. J Invest Dermatol 1959;33:307-16.

39 Curtois M, Loussouarn G, Horseau C. Hair cycle and alopecia. Skin Pharmacol 1994;7:84-9.

40 Obana NJ, Uno H. Dermal papilla cells in macaque alopecia trigger a testosterone-dependent inhibition of follicular cell proliferation. In:van Neste D, Randall VA, editors. Hair research in the next millennium. edn. Amsterdam. Elsevier; 1996. p. 307-10.

41 Randall VA. The use of dermal papilla cells in studies of normal and abnormal hair follicle biology. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:585-94.

42 Oliver RF, Jahoda CAB. The dermal papilla and the maintenance of hair growth. In:Rogers GA et al., editors. The biology of wool and hair. edn. London. Chapman and Hall; 1989. p. 51-67.

43 Van Scott EJ, Ekel TM. Geometric relationships between the matrix of the hair bulb and its dermal papilla in normal and alopecic scalp. J Invest Dermatol 1958;31:281-7.

44 Jahoda CA. Cellular and developmental aspects of androgenetic alopecia. Exp Dermatol 1998;7:235-48.

45 Elliott K, Stephenson TJ, Messenger AG. Differences in hair follicle dermal papilla volume are due to extracellular matrix volume and cell number: Implications for the control of hair follicle size and androgen responses. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:873-7.

46 Prieto VG, Sadick NS, Shea CR. Androgenetic alopecia: analysis of proliferation and apoptosis. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:1101-2.

47 Sinclair R. Male pattern androgenetic alopecia. BMJ 1998;317:865-9.

48 Whiting DA. Possible mechanisms of miniaturization during androgenetic alopecia or pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:S81-6.

49 Whiting DA. Scalp biopsy as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in androgenetic alopecia. Dermatol Ther 1998;8:24-33.

50 Pinkus H. Differential patterns of elastic fibers in scarring and non-scarring alopecias. J Cutan Pathol 1978;5:93-104.

51 Hamilton JB. Patterned hair loss in man: types and incidence. Ann NY Acad Sci 1951;53:708-28.

52 Olsen EA, Messenger AG, Shapiro J, et al. Evaluation and treatment of male and female pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;52:301-11.

53 Herrera CR, D'Agostino RB, Gerstman BB, et al. Baldness and coronary heart disease rates in men from the Framingham Study. Am J Epidemiol 1995;142:828-33.

54 Ford ES, Freedman DS, Byers T. Baldness and ischemic heart disease in a national sample of men. Am J Epidemiol 1996;143:651-7.

55 Lesko SM, Rosenberg L, Shapiro S. A case-control study of baldness in relation to myocardial infarction in men. Jama 1993;269:998-1003.

56 Schnohr P, Lange P, Nyboe J, et al. Gray hair, baldness, and wrinkles in relation to myocardial infarction: the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Am Heart J 1995;130:1003-10.

57 Lotufo PA, Chae CU, Ajani UA, et al. Male pattern baldness and coronary heart disease: the Physicians' Health Study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:165-71.

58 Chen W, Yang CC, Chen GY, et al. Patients with a large prostate show a higher prevalence of androgenetic alopecia. Arch Dermatol Res 2004;296:245-9.

59 Oh BR, Kim SJ, Moon JD, et al. Association of benign prostatic hyperplasia with male pattern baldness. Urology 1998;51:744-8.

60 Hawk E, Brewslow RA, Graubard BI. Male pattern baldness and clinical prostate cancer in the epidemiologic follow-up of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Cancer Epidemiol Biomark Prev 2000;9:523-7.

61 Giles GG, Severi G, Sinclair R, et al. Androgenetic alopecia and prostate cancer: findings from an Australian case-control study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2002;11:549-53.

62 Ellis JA, Stebbing M, Harrap SB. Male pattern baldness is not associated with established cardiovascular risk factors in the general population. Clin Sci (Lond) 2001;100:401-4.

63 Denmark-Wahnefried W, Schildkraut JM, Thompson D, et al. Early onset baldness and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2000;9:325-8.

64 Kligman AM. The comparative histopathology of male pattern baldness and senescent baldness. Clin Dermatol 1986;6:108-18.

65 Norwood OT. Male pattern baldness: classification and incidence. South Med J 1975;68:1359-65.

66 Cash TF. The psychological effects of androgenetic alopecia in men. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:926-31.

67 Budd D, Himmelberger D, Rhodes T, et al. The effects of hair loss in European men: a survey in four countries. Eur J Dermatol 2000;10:122-7.

68 Lee HJ, Ha SJ, Kim D, et al. Perception of men with androgenetic alopecia by women and nonbalding men in Korea: how the nonbald regard the bald. Int J Dermatol 2002;41:867-9.

69 Passchier J. Quality of life issues in male pattern hair loss. Dermatology 1998;197:217-8.

70 Devine BL, Fife R, Trust PM. Minoxidil for severe hypertension after failure of other hypotensive drugs. Br Med J 1977;2:667-9.

71 Price V. Drug Therapy: Treatment of Hair Loss. NEJM 1999;341:964-73.

72 Headington JT, Novak E. Clinical and histological studies of male pattern baldness treated with topical minoxidil. Curr Ther Res 1984 36:1098-106.

73 Li M, Marubayashi A, Nakaya Y, et al. Minoxidil-induced hair growth is mediated by adenosine in cultured dermal papilla cells: possible involvement of sulfonylurea receptor 2B as a target of minoxidil. J Invest Dermatol 2001;117:1594-600.

74 Katz HI, Hien NT, Prawer SE, et al. Long-term efficacy of topical minoxidil in male pattern baldness. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:711-8.

75 Rietschel RL, Duncan SH. Safety and efficacy of topical minoxidil in the management of androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;16:677-85.

76 Price VH, Menefee E, Strauss PC. Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia, after application of 5% and 2% topical minoxidil, placebo, or no treatment. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:717-21.

77 Olsen EA, Weiner MS, Amara IA, et al. Five-year follow-up of men with androgenetic alopecia treated with topical minoxidil. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22:643-6.

78 Whiting DA. Diagnostic and predictive value of horizontal sections of scalp biopsy specimens in male pattern androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1993;28:755-63.

79 Shapiro J, Price VH. Hair regrowth: Therapeutic agents. Dermatol Clin 1998;16:341-56.

80 Wilson C, Walkden V, Powell S, et al. Contact dermatitis in reaction to 2% topical minoxidil solution. J Am Acad Dermatol 1991;24:661-2.

81 Van Neste D, Fuh V, Sanchez-Pedreno P, et al. Finasteride increases anagen hair in men with androgenetic alopecia. Br J Dermatol 2000;143:804-10.

82 Whiting DA, Waldstreicher J, Sanchez M, et al. Measuring reversal of hair miniaturization in androgenetic alopecia by follicular counts in horizontal sections of serial scalp biopsies: results of finasteride 1 mg treatment of men and postmenopausal women. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1999;4:282-4.

83 Price VH, Menefee E, Sanchez M, et al. Changes in hair weight and hair count in men with androgenetic alopecia after treatment with finasteride, 1 mg, daily. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:517-23.

84 Drake L, Hordinsky M, Fiedler V, et al. The effects of finasteride on scalp skin and serum androgen levels in men with androgenetic alopecia. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:550-4.

85 Roberts JL, Fiedler V, Imperato-McGinley J, et al. Clinical dose ranging studies with finasteride, a type 2 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, in men with male pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:555-63.

86 Leyden J, Dunlap F, Miller B, et al. Finasteride in the treatment of men with frontal male pattern hair loss. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;40:930-7.

87 The Finasteride Male Pattern Hair Loss Study Group. Long-term (5-year) multinational experience with finasteride 1 mg in the treatment of men with androgenetic alopecia. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12:38-49.

88 Stough DB, Rao NA, Kaufman KD, et al. Finasteride improves male pattern hair loss in a randomized study in identical twins. Eur J Dermatol 2002;12:32-7.

89 Price VH, Menefee E, Sanchez M, et al. Changes in hair weight in men with androgenetic alopecia after treatment with finasteride (1 mg daily): three- and 4-year results. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:71-4.

90 Tosti A, Piraccini BM, Soli M. Evaluation of sexual function in subjects taking finasteride for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2001;15:418-21.

91 Matzkin H, Barak M, Braf Z. Effect of finasteride on free and total serum prostate-specific antigen in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Br J Urol 1996;78:405-8.

92 Keetch DW, Andriole GL, Ratliff TL, et al. Comparison of percent free prostate-specific antigen levels in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia treated with finasteride, terazosin, or watchful waiting. Urology 1997;50:901-5.

93 Andriole GL, Guess HA, Epstein JI, et al. Treatment with finasteride preserves usefulness of prostate-specific antigen in the detection of prostate cancer: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLESS Study Group. Proscar Long-term Efficacy and Safety Study. Urology 1998;52:195-201.

94 Physicians circular for Propecia. West Point, NY: Merck; December 1997.

95 Marks LS, Andriole GL, Fitzpatrick JM, et al. The interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen in men receiving 5alpha-reductase inhibitors: a review and clinical recommendations. J Urol 2006;176:868-74.

96 Thompson IM, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, et al. The influence of finasteride on the development of prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2003;349:215-24.

97 Thompson IM, Lucia MS, Redman MW, et al. Finasteride Decreases the Risk of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia. J Urol 2007:doi:10.1016/j.juro.2007.03.012

98 Thompson IM, Tangen CM, Goodman PJ, et al. Finasteride improves the sensitivity of digital rectal examination for prostate cancer detection. J Urol 2007;177:1749-52.

99 Sinclair RD, Dawber RP. Androgenetic alopecia in men and women. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:167-78.

Trueb RM, Itin P. [Photographic documentation of the effectiveness of 1 mg. oral finasteride in treatment of androgenic alopecia in the man in routine general practice in Switzerland]. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 2001;90:2087-93.

101 Tollin SR, Rosen HN, Zurowski K, et al. Finasteride therapy does not alter bone turnover in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia--a Clinical Research Center study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1031-4.

102 Matsumoto AM, Tenover L, McClung M, et al. The long-term effect of specific type II 5alpha-reductase inhibition with finasteride on bone mineral density in men: results of a 4-year placebo controlled trial. J Urol 2002;167:2105-8.

103 Wade MS, Sinclair RD. Reversible painful gynaecomastia induced by low dose finasteride (1 mg/day). Australas J Dermatol 2000;41:55.

104 Ferrando J, Grimalt R, Alsina M, et al. Unilateral gynecomastia induced by treatment with 1 mg of oral finasteride. Arch Dermatol 2002;138:543-4.

105 Clark RV, Hermann DJ, Cunningham GR, et al. Marked suppression of dihydrotestosterone in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia by dutasteride, a dual 5alpha-reductase inhibitor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2179-84.

106 Olsen EA, Hordinsky M, Whiting D, et al. The importance of dual 5alpha-reductase inhibition in the treatment of male pattern hair loss: results of a randomized placebo-controlled study of dutasteride versus finasteride. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55:1014-23.

107 Debruyne F, Barkin J, van Erps P, et al. Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with the dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Eur Urol 2004;46:488-94.

108 Sovak M, Seligson AL, Kucerova R, et al. Fluridil, a rationally designed topical agent for androgenetic alopecia: first clinical experience. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:678-85.

109 Inui S, Itami S. Reversal of androgenetic alopecia by topical ketoconzole: relevance of anti-androgenic activity. J Dermatol Sci 2007;45:66-8.

110 Shiell RC. Modern hair restoration surgery. Clin Dermatol 2001;19:179-87.