1. Leridon, H., Human Fertility: The Basic Components.1977, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2. Greenhall, E. and M. Vessey, The prevalence of subfertility: a review of the current confusion and a report of two new studies. Fertil Steril, 1990. 54(6): p. 978-83.
3. Joffe, M., Time trends in biological fertility in Britain. Lancet, 2000. 355(9219): p. 1961-5.
4. Gnoth, C., et al., Definition and prevalence of subfertility and infertility. Hum Reprod, 2005. 20(5): p. 1144-7.
5. Holden, C.A., et al., Sexual activity, fertility and contraceptive use in middle-aged and older men: Men in Australia, Telephone Survey (MATeS). Hum Reprod, 2005. 20(12): p. 3429-34.
6. Comhaire, F.H., et al., Towards more objectivity in diagnosis and management of male infertility. International Journal of Andrology, 1987. Suppl
7: p. 1-53. 7. Carlsen, E., et al., Evidence for decreasing quality of semen during past 50 years. BMJ, 1992. 305(6854): p. 609-13.
8. Irvine, D.S., Falling sperm quality. BMJ, 1994. 309(6952): p. 476.
9. Auger, J., et al., Decline in semen quality among fertile men in Paris during the past 20 years. N Engl J Med, 1995. 332(5): p. 281-5.
10. Irvine, S., et al., Evidence of deteriorating semen quality in the United Kingdom: birth cohort study in 577 men in Scotland over 11 years. BMJ, 1996. 312(7029): p. 467-71.
11. Povey, A.C. and S.J. Stocks, Epidemiology and trends in male subfertility. Hum Fertil (Camb), 2010. 13(4): p. 182-8.
12. Itoh, N., et al., Have sperm counts deteriorated over the past 20 years in healthy, young Japanese men? Results from the Sapporo area. J Androl, 2001. 22(1): p. 40-4
13. Fisch, H., Declining worldwide sperm counts: disproving a myth. Urol Clin North Am, 2008. 35(2): p. 137-46, vii.
14. Baker, H.W.G., et al., Relative incidence of etiologic disorders in male infertility., in Male Reproductive Dysfunction: Diagnosis and Management of Hypogonadism, Infertility and Impotence., R.J. Santen, Swerdloff, R. S., Editor 1986, Marcel Dekker Inc.: New York. p. 341-372.
15. Baker, H.W.G., et al., Testicular vein ligation and fertility in men with varicoceles. British Medical Journal (Clin Res Ed), 1985. 291(6510): p. 1678-80.
16. Guzick, D.S., et al., Sperm morphology, motility, and concentration in fertile and infertile men. N Engl J Med, 2001. 345(19): p. 1388-93.
17. Garrett, C., et al., Automated semen analysis: 'zona pellucida preferred' sperm morphometry and straight-line velocity are related to pregnancy rate in subfertile couples. Hum Reprod, 2003. 18(8): p. 1643-9.
18. Krausz, C. and S. Degl'Innocenti, Y chromosome and male infertility: update, 2006. Front Biosci, 2006. 11: p. 3049-61.
19. Vogt, P.H., et al., The AZF proteins. Int J Androl, 2008. 31(4): p. 383-94.
20. Baker, H.W.G., Medical treatment for idiopathic male infertility: is it curative or palliative? Baillieres Clin Obstet Gynaecol, 1997. 11(4): p. 673-89.
21. Olesen, I.A., et al., Environment, testicular dysgenesis and carcinoma in situ testis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2007. 21(3): p. 462-78.
22. Aitken, R.J. and G.N. De Iuliis, Origins and consequences of DNA damage in male germ cells. Reprod Biomed Online, 2007. 14(6): p. 727-33.
23. Phillips, K.P. and N. Tanphaichitr, Human exposure to endocrine disrupters and semen quality. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev, 2008. 11(3-4): p. 188-220.
24. Collins, J.A., K.T. Barnhart, and P.N. Schlegel, Do sperm DNA integrity tests predict pregnancy with in vitro fertilization? Fertil Steril, 2008. 89(4): p. 823-31.
25. Lilford, R., A. Jones, and D. Bishop, Case-control study of whether subfertility in men is familial. BMJ, 1994. 309: p. 570-573.
26. Van der Avoort, I.A., et al., Underestimation of subfertility among relatives when using a family history: taboo bias. J Androl, 2003. 24(2): p. 285-8.
27. Baker, H.W.G., Clinical approach to molecular genetic diagnosis in andrology., in Andrology in the 21st century, B. Robaire, Chemes, H., Morales, CR., Editor 2001, Medimond: Englewood NJ. p. 373-382.
28. O'Bryan, M.K. and D. de Kretser, Mouse models for genes involved in impaired spermatogenesis. Int J Androl, 2006. 29(1): p. 76-89; discussion 105-8.
29. Nuti, F. and C. Krausz, Gene polymorphisms/mutations relevant to abnormal spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online, 2008. 16(4): p. 504-13.
30. Fechner, A., S. Fong, and P. McGovern, A review of Kallmann syndrome: genetics, pathophysiology, and clinical management. Obstet Gynecol Surv, 2008. 63(3): p. 189-94.
31. Huhtaniemi, I. and M. Alevizaki, Mutations along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis affecting male reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online, 2007. 15(6): p. 622-32.
32. Tuttelmann, F., et al., Gene polymorphisms and male infertility--a meta-analysis and literature review. Reprod Biomed Online, 2007. 15(6): p. 643-58.
33. Rajender, S., L. Singh, and K. Thangaraj, Phenotypic heterogeneity of mutations in androgen receptor gene. Asian J Androl, 2007. 9(2): p. 147-79.
34. Kaplan, E., et al., Reproductive failure in males with cystic fibrosis. N Engl J Med, 1968. 279(2): p. 65-9.
35. Anguiano A, O.R., Amos JA, Dean M, Gerrard B, Stewart C, et al., Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens: a primary genital form of cystic fibrosis. JAMA, 1992(267): p. 1794-7.
36. Reijo, R., et al., Diverse spermatogenic defects in humans caused by Y chromosome deletions encompassing a novel RNA-binding protein gene. Nat Genet, 1995. 10(4): p. 383-93.
37. Najmabadi, H., et al., Substantial prevalence of microdeletions of the Y-chromosome in infertile men with idiopathic azoospermia and oligozoospermia detected using a sequence-tagged site-based mapping strategy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996. 81(4): p. 1347-52.
38. Wischusen, J., H.W.G. Baker, and B. Hudson, Reversible male infertility due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 1981. 14(6): p. 571-7.
39. New, M.I., Extensive clinical experience: nonclassical 21-hydroxylase deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2006. 91(11): p. 4205-14.
40. Fang, S. and H.W.G. Baker, Male infertility and adult polycystic kidney disease are associated with necrospermia. Fertil Steril, 2003. 79(3): p. 643-4.
41. St John, J.C., R.P. Jokhi, and C.L. Barratt, The impact of mitochondrial genetics on male infertility. Int J Androl, 2005. 28(2): p. 65-73.
42. Baker, H. and G. Clarke, Management of immunological factors in male infertility, in Male reproductive dysfunction pathophysiology and treatemnt, K. FR, Editor 2007, Informa: New York. p. 419-430.
43. Baker, H.W.G., Reproductive effects of nontesticular illness. Endocrinology & Metabolism Clinics of North America, 1998. 27(4): p. 831-50.
44. Pedrazzoni, M., et al., Effects of chronic heroin abuse on bone and mineral metabolism. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 1993. 129(1): p. 42-5.
45. MacLeod, J. and R. Hotchkiss, The effect of hyperpyrexia on spermatozoa counts in men. Endocrinology, 1941. 28: p. 780.
46. Carlsen, E., et al., History of febrile illness and variation in semen quality. Hum Reprod, 2003. 18(10): p. 2089-92.
47. Mallidis, C., et al., Advanced glycation end products accumulate in the reproductive tract of men with diabetes. Int J Androl, 2008.
48. Handelsman, D.J., et al., Young's syndrome. Obstructive azoospermia and chronic sinopulmonary infections. N Engl J Med, 1984. 310(1): p. 3-9.
49. Hendry, W.F., R.P. A'Hern, and P.J. Cole, Was Young's syndrome caused by exposure to mercury in childhood? British Medical Journal, 1993. 307(6919): p. 1579-82.
50. Chemes, E.H. and Y.V. Rawe, Sperm pathology: a step beyond descriptive morphology. Origin, characterization and fertility potential of abnormal sperm phenotypes in infertile men. Hum Reprod Update, 2003. 9(5): p. 405-28.
51. Lee, P.A., M.F. Bellinger, and M.T. Coughlin, Correlations among hormone levels, sperm parameters and paternity in formerly unilaterally cryptorchid men. Journal of Urology, 1998. 160(3 Pt 2): p. 1155-7; discussion 1178.
52. Hutson, J.M. and M.C. Clarke, Current management of the undescended testicle. Semin Pediatr Surg, 2007. 16(1): p. 64-70. 53. Kollin, C., et al., Surgical treatment of unilaterally undescended testes: testicular growth after randomization to orchiopexy at age 9 months or 3 years. J Urol, 2007. 178(4 Pt 2): p. 1589-93; discussion 1593.
54. Barthold, J.S. and J.F. Redman, Association of epididymal anomalies with patent processus vaginalis in hernia, hydrocele and cryptorchidism. Journal of Urology, 1996. 156(6): p. 2054-6.
55. Masarani, M., H. Wazait, and M. Dinneen, Mumps orchitis. J R Soc Med, 2006. 99(11): p. 573-5.
56. Pasqualotto, F.F., et al., Detection of testicular cancer in men presenting with infertility. Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo, 2003. 58(2): p. 75-80.
57. Sandeman, T., The effects of X-irradiation on male human fertility. Br J Radiol, 1966. 39: p. 901-907.
58. Fairley, K.F., J.U. Barrie, and W. Johnson, Sterility and testicular atrophy related to cyclophosphamide therapy. Lancet, 1972. 1(7750): p. 568-9.
59. Janssen, N.M. and M.S. Genta, The effects of immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory medications on fertility, pregnancy, and lactation. Arch Intern Med, 2000. 160(5): p. 610-9.
60. Henderson, J., H.W.G. Baker, and P.J. Hanna, Occupation-related male infertility: a review. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility, 1986. 4(2): p. 87-106.
61. Sheiner, E.K., et al., Effect of occupational exposures on male fertility: literature review. Ind Health, 2003. 41(2): p. 55-62.
62. Ramlau-Hansen, C.H., et al., Is smoking a risk factor for decreased semen quality? A cross-sectional analysis. Hum Reprod, 2007. 22(1): p. 188-96.
63. Dorfman, S.F., Tobacco and fertility: our responsibilities. Fertil Steril, 2008. 89(3): p. 502-4.
64. Baker, H.W.G. and R.J. Pepperell, Lack of effect of bromocriptine on semen quality in men with normal or slightly elevated prolactin levels. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 1980. 20(3): p. 158-61.
65. Gebhard, P. and A. Johnson, The Kinsey data: Marginal tabulations of the 1938-1963, 1979, interviews conducted by the Institute for Sex Research: Philadelphia. p. 116-120.
66. Smith, N.M., R.W. Byard, and A.J. Bourne, Testicular regression syndrome--a pathological study of 77 cases. Histopathology, 1991. 19(3): p. 269-72.
67. Prader, A., Testicular size: Assessment and clinical importance. Triangle, 1966. 7: p. 240-243.
68. WHO, World Health Organization laboratory manual for the exmination of human semen and sperm-cervical mucus interaction.1999, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
69. McLachlan, R.I., et al., Semen analysis: its place in modern reproductive medical practice. Pathology, 2003. 35(1): p. 25-33.
70. Jones, D.M., et al., Immobilization of sperm by condoms and their components. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility, 1986. 4(6): p. 367-72.
71. Kovacs, G.T., G.B. Newman, and G.L. Henson, The postcoital test: what is normal? British Medical Journal, 1978. 1(6116): p. 818.
72. Mallidis, C., E.J. Howard, and H.W.G. Baker, Variation of semen quality in normal men. International Journal of Andrology, 1991. 14(2): p. 99-107.
73. Clarke, G. and H. Baker, Immunological evaluation of male infertility, in Male reproductive function pathophysiology and treatment, F. Kandeel, Editor 2007, Informa: New York. p. 293-300.
74. Liu, D.Y., C. Garrett, and H.W. Baker, Clinical application of sperm-oocyte interaction tests in in vitro fertilization--embryo transfer and intracytoplasmic sperm injection programs. Fertil Steril, 2004. 82(5): p. 1251-63.
75. Burkman, L.J., et al., The hemizona assay (HZA): development of a diagnostic test for the binding of human spermatozoa to the human hemizona pellucida to predict fertilization potential. Fertil Steril, 1988. 49(4): p. 688-97.
76. Cooper, T.G., et al., Azoospermia: virtual reality or possible to quantify? J Androl, 2006. 27(4): p. 483-90.
77. Cooper, T.G., et al., World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics. Human Reproduction Update, 2010. 16(3): p. 231-45.
78. Zariwala, M.A., M.R. Knowles, and H. Omran, Genetic defects in ciliary structure and function. Annu Rev Physiol, 2007. 69: p. 423-50.
79. Wilton, L.J., et al., Human male infertility caused by degeneration and death of sperm in the epididymis. Fertility and Sterility, 1988. 49(6): p. 1052-8.
80. Brown, D.J., S.T. Hill, and H.W. Baker, Male fertility and sexual function after spinal cord injury. Prog Brain Res, 2006. 152: p. 427-39.
81. Correa-Perez, J.R., et al., Clinical management of men producing ejaculates characterized by high levels of dead sperm and altered seminal plasma factors consistent with epididymal necrospermia. Fertil Steril, 2004. 81(4): p. 1148-50.
82. Francavilla, S., et al., Isolated teratozoospermia: a cause of male sterility in the era of ICSI? Front Biosci, 2007. 12: p. 69-88.
83. Liu, D.Y., C. Garrett, and H.W.G. Baker, Low proportions of sperm can bind to the zona pellucida of human oocytes. Hum Reprod, 2003. 18(11): p. 2382-9.
84. Garrett, C. and H.W.G. Baker, New Fully Automated System For the Morphometric Analysis of Human Sperm Heads. Fertility & Sterility, 1995. 63(6): p. 1306-1317.
85. Liu, D.Y. and H.W.G. Baker, Tests of human sperm function and fertilization in vitro. Fertil.Steril., 1992. 58: p. 465-83.
86. Larson, K.L., et al., Sperm chromatin structure assay parameters as predictors of failed pregnancy following assisted reproductive techniques. Human Reproduction, 2000. 15(8): p. 1717-22.
87. Chohan, K.R., et al., Comparison of chromatin assays for DNA fragmentation evaluation in human sperm. J Androl, 2006. 27(1): p. 53-9.
88. Collins, J.A., K.T. Barnhart, and P.N. Schlegel, Do sperm DNA integrity tests predict pregnancy with in vitro fertilization? Fertility and Sterility, 2008. 89(4): p. 823-31.
89. Sikaris, K., et al., Reproductive hormone reference intervals for healthy fertile young men: evaluation of automated platform assays. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2005. 90(11): p. 5928-36.
90. Schoor, R.A., et al., The role of testicular biopsy in the modern management of male infertility. J Urol, 2002. 167(1): p. 197-200.
91. Karpas, A.E., et al., Elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels in men with normal seminal fluid analyses. Fertility and Sterility, 1983. 39(3): p. 333-6.
92. de Kretser, D.M., et al., Inhibins, activins and follistatin in reproduction. Hum Reprod Update, 2002. 8(6): p. 529-41.
93. Strachan, M.W., et al., Clinical and radiological features of patients with macroprolactinaemia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 2003. 59(3): p. 339-46.
94. McLachlan, R.I. and M.K. O'Bryan, Clinical Review#: State of the art for genetic testing of infertile men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2010. 95(3): p. 1013-24.
95. Johnson, M.D., Genetic risks of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the treatment of male infertility: recommendations for genetic counseling and screening. Fertility and Sterility, 1998. 70(3): p. 397-411.
96. Bourne, H., et al., Delivery of Normal Twins Following the Intracytoplasmic Injection of Spermatozoa From a Patient With 47,XXY Klinefelters-Syndrome. Human Reproduction, 1997. 12(11): p. 2447-2450.
97. Tournaye, H., et al., Testicular sperm recovery in nine 47,XXY Klinefelter patients. Human Reproduction, 1996. 11(8): p. 1644-9.
98. Wikstrom, A.M. and L. Dunkel, Testicular function in Klinefelter syndrome. Horm Res, 2008. 69(6): p. 317-26.
99. Staessen, C., et al., PGD in 47,XXY Klinefelter's syndrome patients. Hum Reprod Update, 2003. 9(4): p. 319-30.
100. Martin, R.H., Cytogenetic determinants of male fertility. Hum Reprod Update, 2008. 14(4): p. 379-90.
101. Claustres, M., Molecular pathology of the CFTR locus in male infertility. Reprod Biomed Online, 2005. 10(1): p. 14-41.
102. Silber, S.J. and S. Repping, Transmission of male infertility to future generations: lessons from the Y chromosome. Hum Reprod Update, 2002. 8(3): p. 217-29.
103. Vogt, P.H., Azoospermia factor (AZF) in Yq11: towards a molecular understanding of its function for human male fertility and spermatogenesis. Reprod Biomed Online, 2005. 10(1): p. 81-93.
104. Lazaros, L., et al., Evidence for association of sex hormone-binding globulin and androgen receptor genes with semen quality. Andrologia, 2008. 40(3): p. 186-91.
105. O'Flynn O'Brien, K.L., A.C. Varghese, and A. Agarwal, The genetic causes of male factor infertility: a review. Fertility and Sterility, 2010. 93(1): p. 1-12.
106. Sigman M, Kolettis PN, Lipshultz LR, McClure RD , Nangia AK NC, Prins GS, Sandlow J 2010 The Optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Male: Best Practice Statement Revised (2010). American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc
107. Mallidis, C. and H.W.G. Baker, Fine Needle Tissue Aspiration Biopsy of the Testis. Fertility & Sterility, 1994. 61(2): p. 367-375.
108. Watkins, W., et al., Testicular and Epididymal Sperm in a Microinjection Program - Methods of Retrieval and Results. Fertility & Sterility, 1997. 67(3): p. 527-535.
109. Bettocchi, C., et al., A review of testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia in infertile men. J Androl, 1994. 15 Suppl: p. 14S-16S.
110. Jacobsen, G.K., O.B. Henriksen, and H. von der Maase, Carcinoma in situ of testicular tissue adjacent to malignant germ-cell tumors: a study of 105 cases. Cancer, 1981. 47(11): p. 2660-2.
111. Huyghe, E., et al., Conservative management of small testicular tumors relative to carcinoma in situ prevalence. J Urol, 2005. 173(3): p. 820-3.
112. Pryor, J.P., et al., Carcinoma in situ in testicular biopsies from men presenting with infertility. Br J Urol, 1983. 55(6): p. 780-4.
113. Giwercman, A., et al., Prevalence of carcinoma in situ of the testis in 207 oligozoospermic men from infertile couples: prospective study of testicular biopsies. BMJ, 1997. 315(7114): p. 989-91.
114. de Kretser, D.M., H.G. Burger, and B. Hudson, The relationship between germinal cells and serum FSH levels in males with infertility. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1974. 38(5): p. 787-93.
115. McLachlan, R.I., et al., Histological evaluation of the human testis--approaches to optimizing the clinical value of the assessment: mini review. Hum Reprod, 2007. 22(1): p. 2-16.
116. Ragheb, D. and J.L. Higgins, Jr., Ultrasonography of the scrotum: technique, anatomy, and pathologic entities. J Ultrasound Med, 2002. 21(2): p. 171-85.
117. Pierik, F.H., et al., Is routine scrotal ultrasound advantageous in infertile men? J Urol, 1999. 162(5): p. 1618-20.
118. The Optimal Evaluation of the Infertile Male: AUA Best Practice Statement.Revised,2010.http://www.auanet.org/content/media/optimalevaluation2010.pdf
119. Heshmat, S. and K.C. Lo, Evaluation and treatment of ejaculatory duct obstruction in infertile men. Can J Urol, 2006. 13 Suppl 1: p. 18-21.
120. Hirsch, I.H., et al., Objective assessment of spermatogenesis in men with functional and anatomic obstruction of the genital tract. International Journal of Andrology, 1994. 17(1): p. 29-34.
121. Heidenreich, A., P. Altmann, and U.H. Engelmann, Microsurgical vasovasostomy versus microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration/testicular extraction of sperm combined with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. A cost-benefit analysis. Eur Urol, 2000. 37(5): p. 609-14.
122. Mak, V., et al., Proportion of cystic fibrosis gene mutations not detected by routine testing in men with obstructive azoospermia. JAMA, 1999. 281(23): p. 2217-24.
123. De Rosa, M., et al., Hyperprolactinemia in men: clinical and biochemical features and response to treatment. Endocrine, 2003. 20(1-2): p. 75-82.
124. Buvat, J., Hyperprolactinemia and sexual function in men: a short review. Int J Impot Res, 2003. 15(5): p. 373-7.
125. Nudell, D.M., M.M. Monoski, and L.I. Lipshultz, Common medications and drugs: how they affect male fertility. Urol Clin North Am, 2002. 29(4): p. 965-73.
126. Liu, P.Y. and D.J. Handelsman, The present and future state of hormonal treatment for male infertility. Hum Reprod Update, 2003. 9(1): p. 9-23.
127. Kamischke, A. and E. Nieschlag, Update on medical treatment of ejaculatory disorders. Int J Androl, 2002. 25(6): p. 333-44.
128. Watkins, W., et al., Testicular Aspiration of Sperm For Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - an Alternative Treatment to Electro-Emission - Case Report. Spinal Cord, 1996. 34(11): p. 696-698.
129. Mahadevan, M., J.F. Leeton, and A.O. Trounson, Noninvasive method of semen collection for successful artificial insemination in a case of retrograde ejaculation. Fertil Steril, 1981. 36(2): p. 243-7.
130. Wong, W.Y., et al., Male factor subfertility: possible causes and the impact of nutritional factors. Fertil Steril, 2000. 73(3): p. 435-42.
131. Roth, M.Y., J.K. Amory, and S.T. Page, Treatment of male infertility secondary to morbid obesity. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 2008. 4(7): p. 415-9.
132. Pauli, E.M., et al., Diminished paternity and gonadal function with increasing obesity in men. Fertil Steril, 2008. 90(2): p. 346-51.
133. Jensen, T.K., et al., Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 Danish men. Fertility and Sterility, 2004. 82(4): p. 863-70.
134. Gapstur, S.M., et al., Serum androgen concentrations in young men: a longitudinal analysis of associations with age, obesity, and race. The CARDIA male hormone study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2002. 11(10 Pt 1): p. 1041-7.
135. Hammoud, A.O., et al., Obesity and male reproductive potential. J Androl, 2006. 27(5): p. 619-26.
136. Isidori, A.M., et al., Leptin and androgens in male obesity: evidence for leptin contribution to reduced androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1999. 84(10): p. 3673-80.
137. Tsai, E.C., et al., Association of bioavailable, free, and total testosterone with insulin resistance: influence of sex hormone-binding globulin and body fat. Diabetes Care, 2004. 27(4): p. 861-8.
138. Kort, H.I., et al., Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl, 2006. 27(3): p. 450-2.
139. Stewart, T.M., et al., Associations between andrological measures, hormones and semen quality in fertile Australian men: inverse relationship between obesity and sperm output. Human Reproduction, 2009. 24(7): p. 1561-8.
140. Hammoud, A.O., et al., Impact of male obesity on infertility: a critical review of the current literature. Fertility and Sterility, 2008. 90(4): p. 897-904.
141. Vine, M.F., et al., Cigarette smoking and sperm density: a meta-analysis. Fertility and Sterility, 1994. 61(1): p. 35-43.
142. Jensen, T.K., et al., Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries. Am J Epidemiol, 2004. 159(1): p. 49-58.
143. Jensen, M.S., et al., Lower sperm counts following prenatal tobacco exposure. Human Reproduction, 2005. 20(9): p. 2559-66.
144. McGowan, M.P., et al., The incidence of non-specific infection in the semen in fertile and sub- fertile males. International Journal of Andrology, 1981. 4(6): p. 657-62.
145. Jennings, M.G., M.P. McGowan, and H.W.G. Baker, Is conventional bacteriology useful in the management of male infertility? Clinical Reproduction and Fertility, 1986. 4(6): p. 359-66.
146. Aitken, R.J. and H.W.G. Baker, Seminal Leukocytes - Passengers, Terrorists or Good Samaritans. Human Reproduction, 1995. 10(7): p. 1736-1739.
147. Alvarez, J.G., et al., Increased DNA damage in sperm from leukocytospermic semen samples as determined by the sperm chromatin structure assay. Fertil Steril, 2002. 78(2): p. 319-29.
148. Meares, E. and T. Stamey, Bacteriologic localisation patterns in bacterial prostatis and urethritis. Invest Urol, 1968. 5: p. 492-518.
149. Baker, H.W.G., et al., A controlled trial of the use of erythromycin for men with asthenospermia. International Journal of Andrology, 1984. 7(5): p. 383-8.
150. Comhaire, F.H., P.J. Rowe, and T.M. Farley, The effect of doxycycline in infertile couples with male accessory gland infection: a double blind prospective study. Int J Androl, 1986. 9(2): p. 91-8.
151. Hargreave, T.B., Varicocele: overview and commentary on the results of the World Health Organisation varicocele trial., in Current advances in andrology, G.M.H. Waites, J. Frick, and H.W.G. Baker, Editors. 1997, Monduzzi Editore: Bologna. p. 31-44.
152. Evers, J.L. and J.A. Collins, Surgery or embolisation for varicocele in subfertile men. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004(3): p. CD000479.
153. Ficarra, V., et al., Treatment of varicocele in subfertile men: The Cochrane Review--a contrary opinion. Eur Urol, 2006. 49(2): p. 258-63.
154. WHO, The influence of varicocele on parameters of fertility in a large group of men presenting to infertility clinics. World Health Organization. Fertility and Sterility, 1992. 57(6): p. 1289-93.
155. Asci, R., et al., The outcome of varicocelectomy in subfertile men with an absent or atrophic right testis. Br Journal of Urology, 1998. 81(5): p. 750-2.
156. Baker, H.W.G. and G.T. Kovacs, Spontaneous improvement in semen quality: regression towards the mean. International Journal of Andrology, 1985. 8(6): p. 421-6.
157. Madgar, I., et al., Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men. Fertility and Sterility, 1995. 63(1): p. 120-4.
158. Bostofte, E., et al., Fertility prognosis for infertile men: results of follow-up study of semen analysis in infertile men from two different populations evaluated by the Cox regression model. Fertil Steril, 1990. 54(6): p. 1100-6.
159. Billings, E.L., et al., Symptoms and hormonal changes accompanying ovulation. Lancet, 1972. 1(7745): p. 282-4.
160. Zinaman, M.J., et al., Semen quality and human fertility: a prospective study with healthy couples. J Androl, 2000. 21(1): p. 145-53.
161. Rowe, T., Fertility and a woman's age. J Reprod Med, 2006. 51(3): p. 157-63.
162. Hjollund, N.H., et al., Reproductive effects of male psychologic stress. Epidemiology, 2004. 15(1): p. 21-7.
163. Duran, H.E., et al., Intrauterine insemination: a systematic review on determinants of success. Hum Reprod Update, 2002. 8(4): p. 373-84.
164. Akanji Tijani, H. and S. Bhattacharya, The role of intrauterine insemination in male infertility. Hum Fertil (Camb), 2010. 13(4): p. 226-32.
165. Palermo, G., et al., Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte. Lancet, 1992. 340(8810): p. 17-8.
166. Harari, O., et al., Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection - a Major Advance in the Management of Severe Male Subfertility. Fertility & Sterility, 1995. 64(2): p. 360-368.
167. Goldstein, M. and C. Tanrikut, Microsurgical management of male infertility. Nat Clin Pract Urol, 2006. 3(7): p. 381-91.
168. Donoso, P., H. Tournaye, and P. Devroey, Which is the best sperm retrieval technique for non-obstructive azoospermia? A systematic review. Hum Reprod Update, 2007. 13(6): p. 539-49.
169. Shah, R.S., Surgical and non-surgical methods of sperm retrieval., in Advanced Infertility Management., M. Hansotia, Desai, S and Parihar, M, Editor 2002, Jaypee Brothers: New Delhi. p. 253-8.
170. Shih, W., et al., Factors affecting low birthweight after assisted reproduction technology: difference between transfer of fresh and cryopreserved embryos suggests an adverse effect of oocyte collection. Hum Reprod, 2008. 23: p. 1644-53.
171. Ogilvie, C.M., P.R. Braude, and P.N. Scriven, Preimplantation genetic diagnosis--an overview. J Histochem Cytochem, 2005. 53(3): p. 255-60.
172. Bourne, H., D.H. Edgar, and H.W.G. Baker, Sperm preparation techniques., in Textbook of Assisted Reproductive Techniques Laboratory and Clinical Perspectives., G. D.K., et al., Editors. 2004, Taylor and Francis: London. p. 79-92.
173. Liu, D.Y. and H.W.G. Baker, Disordered acrosome reaction of sperm bound to the zona pellucida: a newly discovered sperm defect with reduced sperm-zona pellucida penetration and reduced fertilization in vitro. Hum Reprod, 1994. 9: p. 1694-700.
174. Hurst, T. and P. Lancaster, Assisted conception Australia and New Zealand 1999 and 2000. Assisted Conception Series no. 6. Vol. 6. 2001, Sydney: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare National Perinatal Statistics Unit. 73.
175. Verpoest, W. and H. Tournaye, ICSI: hype or hazard? Hum Fertil (Camb), 2006. 9(2): p. 81-92.
176. Wang, Y.A., J.H. Dean, and E.A.Sullivan, Assisted reproduction technology in Australia and New Zealand 2005., in Assisted reproduction technology series no. 11. Cat. No. PER 362007, AIHW National Perinatal Statistics Unit.: Sydney.
177. Van Voorhis, B.J., Outcomes from assisted reproductive technology. Obstet Gynecol, 2006. 107(1): p. 183-200.
178. Venn, A., et al., Risk of cancer after use of fertility drugs with in-vitro fertilisation [see comments]. Lancet, 1999. 354(9190): p. 1586-90.
179. Niederberger, C., Cryptorchidism, fertility, and cancer. J Androl, 2003. 24(1): p. 19-20.
180. Min, J.K., et al., What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction? The singleton, term gestation, live birth rate per cycle initiated: the BESST endpoint for assisted reproduction. Hum Reprod, 2004. 19(1): p. 3-7.
181. O'Bryan, M.K., et al., Human seminal clusterin (SP-40,40). Isolation and characterization. J Clin Invest, 1990. 85(5): p. 1477-86.
182. Liu, D.Y. and H.W. Baker, Human sperm bound to the zona pellucida have normal nuclear chromatin as assessed by acridine orange fluorescence. Hum Reprod, 2007. 22(6): p. 1597-602.
183. Bonduelle, M., et al., Incidence of Chromosomal Aberrations in Children Born After Assisted Reproduction Through Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. Human Reproduction, 1998. 13(4): p. 781-782.
184. Egozcue, J., et al., Meiotic abnormalities in infertile males. Cytogenet Genome Res, 2005. 111(3-4): p. 337-42.
185. Halliday, J., Outcomes for offspring of men having ICSI for male factor infertility. Asian J Androl, 2012. 14(1): p. 116-20.
186. Sinclair, K.D., et al., In-utero overgrowth in ruminants following embryo culture: lessons from mice and a warning to men. Hum Reprod, 2000. 15 Suppl 5: p. 68-86.
187. Paoloni-Giacobino, A., Epigenetics in reproductive medicine. Pediatr Res, 2007. 61(5 Pt 2): p. 51R-57R
188. Bruinsma, F., et al., Incidence of cancer in children born after in-vitro fertilization. Hum Reprod, 2000. 15(3): p. 604-7.
189. Hansen, M., et al., Assisted reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects--a systematic review. Hum Reprod, 2005. 20(2): p. 328-38.
190. Halliday, J., Outcomes of IVF conceptions: are they different? Best practive and research clinical obstertics and gynaecology, 2007. 21: p. 67-81.
191. Davies, M.J., et al., Reproductive technologies and the risk of birth defects. N Engl J Med, 2012. 366(19): p. 1803-13.
192. Barratt, C. and I.D. Cooke, Donor Insemination1993, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
193. McGowan, M.P., et al., Selection of high fertility donors for artificial insemination programmes. Clinical Reproduction and Fertility, 1983. 2(4): p. 269-74.
194. Clarke, G.N., et al., Artificial Insemination and in-Vitro Fertilization Using Donor Spermatozoa - a Report On 15 Years of Experience. Human Reproduction, 1997. 12(4): p. 722-726.
195. Ferrara, I., R. Balet, and J.G. Grudzinskas, Intrauterine insemination with frozen donor sperm. Pregnancy outcome in relation to age and ovarian stimulation regime. Hum Reprod, 2002. 17(9): p. 2320-4.
196. Lansac, J. and D. Royere, Follow-up studies of children born after frozen sperm donation. Hum Reprod Update, 2001. 7(1): p. 33-7.
197. Tournaye, H., et al., Preserving the reproductive potential of men and boys with cancer: current concepts and future prospects. Hum Reprod Update, 2004. 10(6): p. 525-32.
198. Arnon, J., et al., Genetic and teratogenic effects of cancer treatments on gametes and embryos. Hum Reprod Update, 2001. 7(4): p. 394-403.
199. Wyns, C., et al., Options for fertility preservation in prepubertal boys. Human Reproduction Update, 2010. 16(3): p. 312-28.
200. Holoch, P. and M. Wald, Current options for preservation of fertility in the male. Fertility and Sterility, 2011. 96(2): p. 286-90.
201. Stahl, P.J., et al., Indications and strategies for fertility preservation in men. Clin Obstet Gynecol, 2010. 53(4): p. 815-27. 202. Hsiao, W., et al., Successful treatment of postchemotherapy azoospermia with microsurgical testicular sperm extraction: the Weill Cornell experience. J Clin Oncol, 2011. 29(12): p. 1607-11.