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	NATURE AND CAUSES OF MALE INFERTILITY DEFINITIONS
	INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION
	TRENDS IN MALE INFERTILITY
	ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION OF MALE INFERTILITY
	CLINICAL EVALUATION
	HISTORY
	Nature and Duration of Infertility
	Coital Adequacy and Timing
	Childhood and Pubertal Development
	General Health
	Testicular Symptoms
	Iatrogenic Infertility
	Antispermatogenic Factors
	PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
	Virilization
	Gynecomastia
	External Genitalia
	Orchiometry
	Testicular Abnormalities
	Epididymal Abnormalities
	Vasal Abnormalities
	Checking for Varicocele
	SEMEN ANALYSIS AND OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
	SEMEN ANALYSIS
	Immunobead Test
	Sperm Function Tests
	Human Sperm–Zona Pellucida Binding Ratio Test
	Human Sperm–Zona Pellucida Penetration Test
	Zona Pellucida–Induced Acrosome Reaction Test
	Human Sperm–Oolemma Binding Ratio Test
	Azoospermia
	Oligospermia
	Asthenospermia
	Necrospermia
	Teratospermia
	HORMONE ASSESSMENT
	CHROMOSOME AND GENETIC STUDIES
	TESTICULAR BIOPSY
	OTHER INVESTIGATIONS
	MANAGEMENT OF SPECIFIC CONDITIONS
	SPERM AUTOIMMUNITY
	GENITAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
	Clinical Characteristics
	Pathophysiology
	Differential Diagnosis
	TREATMENT
	General Management
	Epididymal and Vasal Surgery
	Results
	Gonadotropin deficiency and suppression
	COITAL DISORDERS
	Erectile dysfunction
	Failure of Ejaculation
	Retrograde Ejaculation
	Differential Diagnosis
	General Treatment
	Specific Treatment
	Use of Collected Semen
	Assisted Ejaculation
	EFFECTS OF SYSTEMIC ILLNESS AND REVERSIBLE EXPOSURES TO TOXINS OR DRUGS
	ACUTE ILLNESSES
	Fever
	Critical Conditions
	Nutritional Aspects
	Obesity
	Chronic Illnesses
	Effects of Drugs
	SMOKING
	GENITAL TRACT INFLAMMATION
	VARICOCELE
	Pathophysiology
	Differential Diagnosis
	Treatment
	Results
	Follow-Up Studies and Controlled Trials
	GENERAL MANAGEMENT
	PROGNOSIS FOR NATURAL PREGNANCY
	PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS
	TIMING OF COITUS
	GENERAL HEALTH ASPECTS
	EMPIRCAL TREATMENTS: EVIDENCE-BASED VERSUS UNCONFIRMED TREATMENTS
	IN VITRO FERTILIZATION/INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM INJECTION FOR MALE INFERTILIT
	PREPARATION OF THE PATIENTS
	APPROACHES
	SPERM PREPARATION
	RESULTS
	EVALUATION OF FAILED FERTILIZATION
	COMPLICATIONS OF IN VITRO FERTILIZATION/INTRACYTOPLASMIC SPERM
	Risks for the Woman
	Risks for the Child
	Multiple Pregnancy
	Defects Possibly Associated with Abnormal Spermatogenesis
	Embryo Defects Possibly Caused by Laboratory Conditions
	Surveillance Studies
	USE OF DONOR SPERM
	CRYOPRESERVATION OF SEMEN
	SELECTION OF DONORS
	COUNSELING
	PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
	PREVENTION OF INFERTILITY
	PREVENTABLE DISEASES AND CONDITIONS
	Sexually Transmissible Infections
	Undescended Testes
	Varicocele
	Vasectomy
	Androgen deficiency
	Options for fertility preservation in males
	Methods of collection
	Fertility preservation in Prepubertal boys
	Post chemotherapy sperm recovery