1. Matsuzaki F, Irie M, Shizume M. (1971) Growth hormone in human fetal gland and cord blood. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 33:908-911.
2. Parks JS. (1989) Molecular biology of growth hormone. Acta Paedatr Scand. Suppl 349:127-135
3. Baumann G. (1991) Growth hormone heterogeneity: genes, isohormones, variants and binding proteins. Endocrine Rev 12:424-449
4. Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM, Shepard TH. (1972) The ontogenesis of human fetal hormones. I. Growth hormone and insulin. J Clin Invest 51:3080-3093
5. Honnebier WJ, Swaab DE. (1973) The influence of anencephaly upon intrauterine growth of the fetus and the placenta, and upon gestational length. J Obstet Gyneco Br Common 80:577-588
6. Leung DW, Spencer SA, Cachianes G, Hammondss RG, Collins C, Henzel WJ, Barnard R, Waters MJ, Wood WI. (1987) Growth hormone receptor and serum binding protein: purification, cloning and expression. Nature 330:537.
7. Godowski PJ, Leung DW, Meacham LR, Galgani JP, Hellmiss R, Keret R, Rotwein PS, Parks JS, Laron Z, Wood WI. (1989) Characterization of the human growth hormone receptor gene and demonstration of a partial gene deletion in two patients with Laron-type dwarfism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86:8083-8087.
8. Hill DJ, Freemark M, Strain AJ et al. (1988) Placental lactogen and growth hormone receptors in human fetal tissues: relationship to fetal plasma hPL concentrations and fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 66: 1283-1290.
9. Werther GA, Haynes K, Waters MJ. (1993) GH receptors are expressed on human fetal mesenchymal tissues-identification of mRNA and GH binding protein. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:1638-1646
10. Waters MJ, Kaye PL. (2002) The role of growth hormone in fetal development. GH and IGF Res 12:137-146
11. Caufriez A, Frankenne F, Hennen G, Copinschi G. (1993) Regulation of maternal IGF-I by placental GH in normal and abnormal human pregnancies. Am J Physiol. 265:E572�E577.
12. Chellakooty M, Vangsgaard K, Larsen T, Scheike T, Falck-Larsen J, Legarth J, Andersson AM, Main KM, Skakkebaek NE, Juul A. (2004) A longitudinal study of intrauterine growth and the placental growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I axis in maternal circulation: association between placental GH and fetal growth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.89:384�91
13. Simard M, Manthos H, Giadid A, Lefebre Y, Goodyer CG. (1996) Ontogeny of GH receptors in human tissues: an immunohistochemical study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3097-3102
14. Baumann G, Stolar MW, Amburn K, Barsano CP, Devries BC (1986) A specific growth hormone-binding protein in human plasma: initial characterization. J Clin endocrinol Metab 62:134-141
15. Gofflin V, Kelly PA (1996) Prolactin and growth hormone receptors Clin Endocrinol 45:247-255
16. Giustina A, Veldhuis JD. (1998) Pathophysiology of the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion in experimental animals and the human. Endocrine Rev 19:717-797
17. Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Wehrenberg WB. (1982) Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly. Science 218:585-587
18. Mayo KE, Vale W, Rivier J (1983) Expression, cloning and sequencing of a cDNA encoding human growth hormone-releasing factor. Nature 306:86-88
19. Barinaga M, Bilezikjian LM, Vale WW, Rosenfeld MG, Evans RM (1985) Independent effects of growth hormone releasing factor on growth hormone release and gene transcription. Nature 314:279-281
20. Grossman A, Savage MO, Lytras N (1984) response to analogues of growth hormone releasing hormone in normal subjects and in growth hormone deficient children and young adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 21:321-331
21. Gaylinn D, Harrison JK, Zysk JR, Lyons Jr CE, Lynch KR, Thorner MO (1993) Molecular cloning and expression of a human anterior pituitary receptor for growth hormone-releasing hormone. Mol Endocrinol 7:77-84
22. Mayo KE, Miller TL, De Almeida V, Zheng J, Godfrey PA (1996) The growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor: signal transduction, gene expression and physiological function in growth regulation. Ann NY Acad Sci 805:184-203
23. Shimon I, Yan X, Melmed S. (1998) Human fetal pituitary expresses functional growth hormone-releasing peptide receptors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 58:212-214
24. Wajnrajch MP, Gertner JM, Harbison MD, Chua Jr SC, Leibel RL (1996) Nonsense mutation in the human growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor causes growth failure analogous to the little (lit) mouse. Nat Genet 12:88-90
25. Aguiar-Oliveira MH, Gill MS, Barreto de A E, et al. (1999) Effect of severe growth hormone deficiency due to a mutation in the GH-releasing hormone receptor on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-binding proteins and ternary complex formation throughout life. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4118-4126.
26. Krulich L, Dhariwal AP, McCann SM (1968) Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of purified hypothalamic extracts on growth hormone release from rat pituitary in vitro. Endocrinology 83:783-790
27. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Ling N, Butcher M, Rivier, Guillemin R. (1973) Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179:77-79.
28. Shen LP, Rutter WJ (1984) Sequence of the human somatostatin I gene. Science 224:168-171
29. Yamada Y, Stoffel M, Espinosa III R, Xiang KS, Seino M, Seino S, Le Beau MM, Bell GI (1993) Human somatostatin receptor genes: localization to human chromosomes 14, 17 and 22 and identification of simple tandem repeat polymorphisms. Genomics 15:449-452
30. Miller GM, Alexander JM, Bikkal HA, Katznelson L, Zerva NT, Klibanski A. (1995) Somatostatin receptor subtype gene expression in pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:1386-1392
31. Roudenok B, Kuhnel W. (2001) Distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-, calcitonin gene-related peptide-, somatostatin- and neurofilament immunoractivities in sympathetic ganglia of human fetuses and premature neonates. Ann Anatomy 183:213-216.
32. Smith RG, Cheng K, Schoen WR, Pong S-S et al (1993) A non-peptidyl growth hormone secretagogue. Science 260:1640-1643
33. Korbonits M, Grossman AB (1995) Growth hormone-releasing peptide and its analogues. Novel stimuli to growth hormone release. Trends Endocrinol Metab 6:43-49
34. Casanueva FF, Dieguez C. (1999) Growth hormone secretagogues: physiological role and clinical utility. TEM 10:30-38.
35. Kojima M et al (1999) Ghrelin is a growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402:656-660
36. Takaya K, Ariyasu H, Kanamoto N, Iwakura H, Yoshimoto A, Harada M et al. (2000) Ghrelin strongly stimulates growth hormone release in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:4908-4911
37. Hataya Y, Akamizu T, Takaya K, Kanamoto N et al. (2001) A low dose of ghrelin stimulates growth hormone (GH) release synergistically with GH-releasing hormone in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4552-
38. Bellone S, Rapa A, Vivenza D, Castellino N et al. (2002) Circulating ghrelin levels as a function of gender, pubertal status and adiposity in childhood. J Clin Endocrinol Investigation 25:RC13-15.
39. Katz HP, Youlton R, Kaplan SL, Grumbach MM (1969) Growth and growth hormone release in children with primary hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 29:346-348
40. Chernausek SD, Turner R (1989) Attenuation of spontaneous, nocturnal growth hormone secretion n children with hypothyroidism and its correlation with plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration. J Pediatr 114:968-972
41. Iranmanesh A, Lizarralde G, Johnson ML, Veldhuis JD (1991) Nature of the altered growth hormone secretion in hyperthyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:108-115
42. Shibasaki T, Hotta M, Masuda A, Imaki T, Obara N, Demura H. (1985) Plasma responses to GHRH and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:1265-1267
43. Masuda A, Shibasaki T, Nakahara M, Imaki T et al (1985) The effect of glucose on growth hormone-releasing hormone-mediated GH secretion in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:523-526
44. Dieguez C, Mallo F, Senaris R,Pineda J, Martul P, Leal-Cerro A, Pombo M, Casanueva FF. (1996) Role of glucocorticoids in the neuroregulation of growth hormone secretion. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 3:255-260.
45. Magiakow M, Mastorakos G, Gomez M, Rese S, Chrousos G. (1994) Suppressed spontaneous and stimulated growth hormone secretion in patients with Cushing�s disease before and after surgical cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:131-137.
46. Kerrigan JR, Rogol AD. (1992) The impact of gonadal steroid hormone action on growth hormone secretion during childhood and adolescence. Endocr Rev 13:281-298
47. Vandeer Werff ten Bosch JJ, Bot A (1990) Growth of males with idiopathic hypopituitarism without growth hormone treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:707-717
48. Wennink JM, Delemarre-van der Waal HA, Schoemaker R, Blauw G, van den Brakern C, Shoemaker J. (1991) Growth hormone secretion patterns in relation to LH and estradiol administration throughout normal female puberty. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 124:129-135
49. Salmon W D, Daughaday WH (1957) A hormonally controlled serum factor which stimulates sulfate incorporation by cartilage in vitro. J Lab Clin Med 49:825
50. Daughaday WH, Hall K, Raben MS et al (1972) Somatomedin: proposed designation for sulphation factor. Nature 235:107
51. LeRoith D Bondy C, Yakar S, Liu-JL, Butler A. (2001) The Somatomedin hypothesis:2001 Endocrine Rev 22:53-74
52. D�Ercole AJ, Hill DJ, Strain AJ, Underwood LE. (1986) Tissue and plasma somatomedin-C/insulin-like growth factor I concentrations in the human fetus during the first half of gestation. Pediatr Res. 20:253-255.
53. Han VK, Lund PK, Lee DC, D'Ercole AJ. (1988) Expression of somatomedin/insulin-like growth factor messenger ribonucleic acids in the human fetus: identification, characterization, and tissue distribution. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 66:422-429.
54. Camacho-H�bner C, Clemmons DR, D�Ercole AJ (1991) Regulation of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins in transgenic mice with altered expression of growth hormone and IGF-I. Endocrinology 129:1201-1206.
55. Camacho-H�bner C, Savage MO. (2001) Insulin-like growth factor-I deficiency. Horm Res 55 (Suppl) 1:17-20.
56. Woods KA, Camacho-H�bner C, Savage MO, Clark AJL. (1996) Intrauterine growth retardation and post natal growth failure associated with deletion of the IGF-I gene. N Engl J Med. 335:1363-1367.
57. Bonapace G, Concolino D, Formicola S, Strisciuglio P 2003 A novel mutation in a patient with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) deficiency. J Med Genet 40:913�917
58. Walenkamp MJ, Karperien M, Pereira AM, Hilhorst-Hofstee Y, van Doorn J, Chen JW, Mohan S, Denley A, Forbes B, van Duyvenvoorde HA, van Thiel SW, Sluimers CA, Bax JJ, de Laat JA, Breuning MB, Romijn JA, Wit JM 2005 Homozygous and heterozygous expression of a novel insulin-like growth factor-I mutation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:2855�2864
59. Netchine, I., Azzi, S., Houang, M., Seurin, D., Perin, L., Ricort, J.-M., Daubas, C., Legay, C., Mester, J., Herich, R., Godeau, F., Le Bouc, Y. 2009 Partial primary deficiency of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-i activity associated with IGF-I mutation demonstrates its critical role in growth and brain development. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 94: 3913-3921
60. Baker J, Liu J-P, Robertson EJ, Efstriadis A. (1993) Role of insulin-like growth factors in embryonic and postnatal growth. Cell 75:73-82.
61. Daughaday WH, Rotwein P (1989) Insulin-like growth factors I and II. Peptide, messenger ribonucleic acid and gene structures, serum and tissue concentrations. Endocr Rev. 10:68-91
62. Berelowitz M, Szabo M, Frohman LA, Firestone S, Chu L (1981) Somatomedin-C mediates growth hormone negative feedback by effects on both the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Science 212:1279-1281
63. Chard T. (1989) Hormonal control of growth in the human fetus. J Endocrinol. 123:3-9
64. Gluckman PD. (1989) Fetal growth: and endocrine perspective. Acta Paediatr Scand. 349:21-25.
65. Jones JI, Clemmons DR. (1995) Insulin-like growth factors, and their binding proteins. Endocr Rev. 16:3-34.
66. Werner H, Adamo M, Roberts CT Jr, LeRoith, D. (1994) Molecular and cellular aspects of insulin-like growth factor action. Vitam. Horm. 48, 1-58.
67. Furlanetto RW. (1980) The somadomedin C binding protein: evidence for a heterologous subunit structure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51:12-19.
68. Baxter RC. (1990) Circulating levels and molecular distribution of the acid-labile (alpha) subunit of the high molecular weight insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 10:1347-1353.
69. Leong SR Baxter RC, Camerato T, Dai J, Wood WI. (1992) Structure and functional expression of the acid-labile subunit of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein complex. Mol Endocrinol 6:870-876.
70. Lassarre C, Hardouin S, Daffos F, Forestier F, Frankennne F, Binoux M. (1991) Serum insulin-like growth factors and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the human fetus. Relationships with growth in normal subjects and in subjects with intrauterine growth retardation. Pediatr Res. 29: 219-225.
71. Ashton IK, Zapf J, Einschenck I et al. (1985) Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II in human fetal plasma and relationship to gestational age and fetal size during midpregnancy. Acta Endocrinol 110:558-563
72. Barrios V,Pozo J, Mu�oz MT, Bruno M, Argente J. (2000) Normative data for total and free acid-labile subunit of the human insulin-like growth factor-binding protein complex in pre- and full-term newborns and healthy boys and girls throughout postnatal development. Horm Res 53:148-153.
73. Boisclair YR, Rhoads RP, Ueki I, Wang J, Ooi GT (2001) Regulation of the acid-labile subunit of the 150-kDa IGF-binding protein complex and its role in the circulating IGF system. J Anim Sci 79:E41-E47
74. Domen� HM, Bengolea SV, Martinez AS, et al (2004) Deficiency of the circulating insulin-like growth factor system associated with inactivation of the acid-labile subunit gene. N Engl J Med. 350:570-7.
75. Hwa V, Haeusler G, Pratt KL, Little B et al (2006) Total absence of functional acid labile subunit, resulting in severe insulin-like growth factor deficiency and moderate growth failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:1826-1831.
76. Domen� HM, Hwa V, Argente J, Wit JM, Camacho-H�bner C, Jasper HG, Pozo J, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Yakar S, Fofanova-Gambetti OV, Rosenfeld RG; International ALS Collaborative Group. (2009) Human acid-labile subunit deficiency: clinical, endocrine and metabolic consequences. Horm Res. 72:129-41.
77. Green H, Morikawa M, Nixon T (1985) A dual effector theory of growth hormone action. Differentiation 29:195-198
78. Liu JL, Grinberg A, Westphal H, Sauer B, Accili D, Karas M, LeRoith D. (1998) Insulin-like growth factor-I affects perinatal lethality and postnatal development in a gene dosage dependent manner: manipulation using the Cre/loxP system in transgenic mice. Mol Endocrinol 12:1452-1462.
79. Sj�gren K, Liu JL, Blad K, Skrtic S, Vidal O, Wallenius V, LeRoith D, Tornell J, Isaksson OG, Jansson JO, Ohlsson C. (1999) Liver-derived insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is the principal source of IGF-I in blood but it is not requires for postnatal growth in mice Proc Natl Acad Sci 96:7088-7092
80. Yakar S, Liu J, Stannaard B, Butler A, Accili D, Sauer B, Le Roith D. (1999) Normal growth and development in the absence of hepatic insulin-like growth factor I. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 96:7324-7329.
81. Moerth C, Schneider MR, Renner-Mueller I, Blutke A, Elmlinger MW, Erben RG, Camacho-H�bner C, Hoeflich A, Wolf E 2007 Postnatally elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-II fail to rescue the dwarfism of IGF-I-deficient mice except kidney weight. Endocrinology 148:441�451
82. Stratikopoulos E, Szabolcs M, Dragatsis I, Klinakis A, Efstratiadis A (2008) The hormonal action of IGF1 in postnatal mouse growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:19378�19383
83. Wu Y, Sun H, Yakar S, LeRoith D (2009) Elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in serum rescue the severe growth retardation of IGF-I null mice. Endocrinology. 150(9):4395-403
84. Kaplan SA, Cohen P. (2007) The somatomedin hypothesis 2007: 50 years later. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 92(12):4529-35.
85. Parker EA, Hegde A, Buckley M, Barnes KM, Baron J, Nilsson O. (2007) Spatial and temporal regulation of GH-IGF-related gene expression in growth plate cartilage. J Endocrinol 194(1):31-40
86. Ohlsson C, Isgaard J, Tornell J, Nilsson A, Isaksson OGP, Lindahl RO (1993) Endocrine regulation of longitudinal bone growth. Acta Paediatr [Suppl] 391:33-40
87. Boersma B, Wit JM. (1997) Catch-up growth Endocr Rev 18: 646-661
88. Abad V, Meyers JL, Weise M, Gafni R, Barnes KM, Nilsson L, Bacher JD, Baron J (2002) The role of the resting zone in growth plate chondrogenesis. Endocrinology 143:1851-1857
89. Hartman ML, Faria AC, Vance ML, Johnson ML, Thorner MO, Veldhuis JD (1991) Temporal structure of in vivo growth hormone secretory events in man. Am J Physiol 260:E-101-E110
90. Pincus SM, Gevers E, Robinson ICAF, Van den Bergh G, RoelfsemaF, Hartman ML, Veldhuis JD (1996) Females secrete growth hormone with more process irregularity than males in both human and rat. Am J Physiol E107-E115
91. Hartman MI, Iranmanesh A, Thorner MO, Veldhuis JD. (1993) Evaluation of pulsatile patterns of growth hormone release in man. Am J Hum Biol 5:603-614
92. Ogilvy-Stuart AL, Hands Sj, Adcock CJ et al. (1998) Insulin, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), IGF-binding protein-1, growth hormone and feeding in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3550-3557
93. Hindmarsh PC, Matthews DR, Brain C, Pringle PJ, Brook CG. (1990) The application of deconvolution analysis to elucidate the pulsatile nature of growth hormone secretion using a variable half-life of growth hormone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 32:739-747
94. Albertsson-Wikland K, Rosberg S, Libre E, Lundberg LO, Growth T (1989) Growth hormone secretory rates in children as estimated by deconvolution analysis of 24-hr plasma concentration profiles. Am J Physiol 257:E809-E814
95. Tanner JM (1962) Growth at adolescence. 2nd Ed, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.
96. Martha Jr PM, Goorman KM, Blizzard RM, Garcia-Rubi E, Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD. (1992) Endogenous growth hormone secretion and clearance rates in normal boys as determined by deconvolution analysis: relationship to age, pubertal status an body mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 74:336-344
97. Mauras N, Rogol AD, Veldhuis JD. (1989) Specific, time dependent actions of low-dose estradiol administration on the episodic release of GH, FSH and LH in prepubertal girls with Turner�s syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 69:1053-1058
98. Lampl M, Veldhuis JD, Johnson ML (1992) Saltation and stasis: a model of human growth. Science 258:801-803
99. Marshall WA (1971) Evaluation of growth rate in height over periods of less than one year. Arch Dis Child 46:414-420
100. Prader A, Tanner JM, von Harnack GA 1963 catch-up growth following illness or starvation - an example of developmental canalization in ma J Pediatr 62: 646-658
101. Tanner JM (1981) Catch-up growth in man. Br Med Bull 37:233-238
102. Mosier HD. (1971) Failure of compensatory (catch-up) growth in the rat. Ped Res 5;59-63.
103. Hauspie RC, Vercaauterren M, Susanne C. (1996) Secular changes in growth. Horm Res 45:8-17
104. Fredriks AM, Van Buuren S, Burgmeijer RJF, Meulmeester JF et al. (2000) Continuing secular growth change in the Netherlands 1955-1997. Pediatr Res 47:316-323.