1. Raben M. Growth hormone. N Eng J Med. 1962; 266: 31-35.

2. van der Lely AJ, Tschop M, Heiman ML, Ghigo E. Biological, physiological, pathophysiological, and pharmacological aspects of

ghrelin. Endocr Rev. 2004;25:426-57

3. Copinschi G, Wegienka LC, Hane S, Forsham PH. Effect of arginine on serum levels of insulin and growth hormone in obese subjects. Metabolism. 1967; 16: 485-491.

4. Rudman D, Kutner MH, Rogers CM, Lubin MF, Fleming GA, Bain R. Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult polupation. Relation to age and adiposity. J. Clin. Invest. 1981; 67: 1361-1369.

5. Rudman D. Occasional hypothesis: growth hormone, body composition and ageing. J. AM Geriatr Soc. 1985; 33: 800-807.

6. Jørgensen JOL, Vahl N, Hansen TB, Thuesen L, Hagen C, Christiansen JS. Growth hormone versus placebo treatment for one year in growth hormone deficient adults: increase in exercise capacity and normalisation of body composition. Clin. Endocrinol. 1996; 45: 681-688.

7. Williams T, Berelowiz M, Joffe SN, Thorner MO, Rivier J, Vale W, Frohman LA. Impaired growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing factor in obesity. A pituitary defect reversed with weight reduction. N. Engl. J. Med. 1984; 311: 1403-1407.

8. Hoffman DM, O'Sullivan AJ, Baxter RC, Ho KKY. Diagnosis of growth hormone deficiency in adults. Lancet. 1994; 343: 1064-1068.

9. Gil-Ad I, Gurewitz R, Marcovici O, Rosenfeld R, Laron Z. Effects of aging on human plasma growth hormone response to clonidine. Mech Age Dev. 1984; 27: 97-100.

10. Parker ML, Hammond JM, Daughaday WH. The arginine provocative test: an aid in the diagnosis of hyposomatropinism. J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab. 1967; 27: 1129-1136.

11. Vahl N, Jørgensen JOL, Jurik AG, Christiansen JS. Abdominal adiposity and physical fitness are major deperminants of the age-associated decline in stimulated GH secretion in healthy adults. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 1996; 81: 2209-2215.

12. Vahl N, Jørgensen JOL, Skjaerbaek C, Veldhuis J, Ørskov H, Christiansen JS. Abdominal adiposity rather than age and sex predicts mass and regularity of GH secretion in healthy adults. Am J. Physiol. 1997; 272: E1108-E1116.

13. Papadakis MA, Grady D, Tierny MJ, Black D, Wells L, Grunfeld C. Insulin-like growth factor I and functional status in healthy older men. J Am Geriatr. Soc. 1995; 43: 1350-1355.

14. Goodman-Gruen D, Barrett-Connor E. Epidemiology of insulin-like growth factor I in elderly men and women. Am J Epidemiol. 1997; 145: 970-976.

15. Kiel DP, Puhl J, Rosen CJ, Berg K, Murphy JB, MacLean DB. Lack of an association between insulin-like growth factor I and body composition, muscle strength, physical performance or self-reported mobility among older persons with functional limitations. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998; 46: 822-828.

16. Jørgensen JOL, Vahl N, Hansen TB, Skjaerbaek C, Fisker S, Ørskov H, Hagen C, Christiansen JS. Determinants of serum insulin-like growth factor I in growth hormone deficient adults as compared to healthy subjects. Clin Endocrinol. 1998; 48: 479-486.

17. Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323: 1-6.

18. Jørgensen JOL, Flyvbjerg A, Lauritzen T, Alberti KGMM, Ørskov H, Christiansen JS. Dose-response studies with biosynthetic human growth hormone deficient patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988; 67: 36-40.

19. Møller J, Jørgensen JOL, Laursen T, Frystyk J, Naeraa R, Ørskov H, Christiansen JS. Growth hormone (GH) dose regimens in GH deficiency: effects on biochemical growth markers and metabolic parameters. Clin Endocrinol. 1993; 39: 403-408.

20. Johannsson G, Rosén T, Lindstedt G, Bosaeus I, Bengtsson B-Å. Effects of 2 years of growth hormone treatment on body composition and cardiovascular risk factors in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Endocrinol Metab.1996;3(Suppl. A):3-12.

21. Toogood AA, Shalet SM. Growth hormone replacement therapy in the elderly with hypothalamic-pituitary disease: a dose-finding study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84: 131-136.

22. Burman P, Johansson AG, Siegbahn A, Vessby B, Karlsson FA. Growth hormone (GH) deficient men are more responsive to GH replacement therapy than women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82: 550-555.

23. Vahl N, Møller N, Lauritzen T, Christiansen JS, Jørgensen JOL. Metabolic effects and pharmacokinetics of a growth hormone pulse in healthy adults: relation to age, sex and body composition. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82: 3612-3618.

24. Fisker S, Vahl N, Jørgensen JOL, Christiansen JS, Øskov H. Abdominal fat determines growth hormone binding protein levels in healthy non-obese adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997; 82: 123-128.

25. Hossay BA. The hypophysis and metabolism. N Eng J of Medicine. 1936; 214: 961-985.

26. Ikkos D, Luft R, Gemzell C-A, Olivecrona H. Effects of human growth hormone in hypophysectomised diabetic subjects. Lancet. 1958; i: 721-722.

27. Raben MS. Human growth hormone. Recent progess in hormone research. 1959; 15: 71-105.

28. Henneman DH & Henneman PH. Effects of growth hormone on levels of blood and urinary carbohydrate and fat metabolites in man. J Clin Invest. 1960; 39: 1239-1245.

29. Beshyah SA, Henderson A, Niththyanathan R, Sharp P, Richmond W, Johnston D. Metabolic abnormalities in growth hormone deficient adults.II. Carbohydrate tolerance and lipid metabolism. Endocrinol et Metab. 1994; 1: 173-180.

30. Hew FL, Koschman M, Christopher M, Rantzau M, Vaag A, Ward G et al. Insulin resistance in growth hormone deficient adults: defects in glucose utilization and glycogen synthase activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996; 81: 555-564.

31. Rabinowitz D, Klassen GA , Zierler KL. Effects of human growth hormone on muscle and adipose tissue metabolism in the forearm of men. J Clin Invest. 1965; 44: 51-61.

32. Glick SM, Roth J, Yalow RS, Berson SA. Immunoassay of human growth hormone in plasma. Nature. 1963; 199: 784-787.

33. Hartman ML, Faria ACS, Vance ML, Johnson ML, Thorner MO, Veldhuis JD. Temoral structure of in vivo growth hormone secretory events in humans. Am J of Physiol. 1991; 250: E101-110.

34. Møller N, Jørgensen JOL, Schmitz O, Møller J, Christiansen JS, Alberti KGMM, Ørskov H. Effects of a growth hormone pulse on total and forearm substrate fluxes in humans. Am. J Pshysiol. 1990: 258: E86-E91.

35. Bak JF, Møller N, Schmitz O. Effects of growth hormone of fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans. Am J of Physiol. 1991; 260: E736-742.

36. Ørskov L, Schmitz O, Jørgensen JOL, Arnfred J, Abildgaard N, Christiansen JS. Influence of growth hormone on glucose induced glucose uptake in healthy men as assessed by the hyperglycaemic clamp technique. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1989; 68: 276-282.

37. Møller N, Schmitz O, Jørgensen JOL, Astrup J, Bak JF, Christensen SE et al. Basal and insulin stimulated substrate metabolism in patients with active acromegaly before and after adenomectomy. J Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 74: 1012-1019.

38. Sönksen PH, Greenwood FS, Ellis JP, Lowy C, Rutherford A, Nabaaro JDN. Changes of carbohydrate tolerance in acromegaly with progress of the disease and in response to treatment. J Clin Endocrinol. 1967; 27: 1418-1430.

39. Møller N, Jørgensen JOL, Ovesen P, Schmitz O, Alberti KGMM et al. Impact of 2 weeks growth hormone treatment on basal an insulin stimulated substrate metabolism in humans. Clin Endocrinol. 1993; 39: 577-581.

40. Rosenfeld RG, Wilson DM, Dollar LA, Bennett A, Hintz R. Both human pituitary growth hormone and recombinant DNA-derived human growth hormone cause insulin resistance at a post receptor site. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982; 54: 1033-1038.

41. Randle PJ, Garland PB, Hales CN, Newsholme EA. The glucose fatty-acid cycle: its role in insulin sensitivity and the metabolic disturbances of diabetes mellitus. Lancet. 1963; i: 785-789.

42. Nielsen S, Møller N, Christiansen JS, Jørgensen JOL. Diabetes 2001; 50: 2301-2308.43. Møller N, Butler PC, Antsiferov MA, Alberti KGMM. Effects of growth hormone on insulin sensitivity and forearm metabolism in normal men. Diabetologia. 1989; 32: 105-110.

44. Christopher M, Hew FL, Oakley M, Rantzau C, Alford F. Defects of insulin action and skeletal muscle metabolism in growth hormone deficient (GHD) adults persist following 24 months recombinant growth hormone therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998; 83: 1668-1681.

45. Shulman GI. Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2000; 106: 171-176.

46. Jessen N, Djurhuus CB, Jorgensen JO, Jensen LS, Moller N, Lund S, Schmitz O. Evidence against a role for insulin-signaling proteins PI 3-kinase and Akt in

insulin resistance in human skeletal muscle induced by short-term GH infusion. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E194-9

47. Rabinowitz D, Zierler KL. A metabolic regulating device based on the actions of human growth hormone and of insulin singly and together on the human forearm. Nature. 1963; 199: 913-915.

48. Jørgensen JOL. Human growth hormone replacement therapy: pharmacological and clinical aspects. Endocrine Review. 1991; 12: 189-207.

49. Cheek DB. Effect of growth hormone on cell and somatic growth. In: Handbook of physiology (Eds Knobil and Sawyer) Washington DC. 1974: 159-186.

50. Tanner JM, Hughes PCR, Whitehouse RH. Comparative rapidity of response of height, limb muscle and limb fat to treatment with human growth hormone in patients with and without growth hormone deficiency. Acta Endocrinol. 1977; 84: 681-696.

51. Korner A. Growth hormone control of biosynthesis of protein and ribonucleic acid. Recent Progr Horm Res. 1965; 21: 205-240.

52. Goldberg AL. Protein turnover in skeletal muscle. J Biological Chemistry. 1969; 244: 3217-3222.

53. Horber FF, Haymond MW. Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans. J Clin Invest. 1990; 86: 265-272.

54. Russell-Jones DL, Weissberger AJ, Browes SB, Kelly JM, Thomason M, Umpleby AM, Jones RH, Sönksen PH. The effects of growth hormone on protein metabolism in adult growth hormone deficient patients. Clin Endocrinol. 1993; 38: 427-431.

55. Fryburg D, Barret EJ. Growth hormone acutely stimulates skeletal muscle but not whole body protein synthesis in humans. Metab. 1993; 42: 1223-1227.

56. Copeland KC, Nair KS. Acute growth hormone effects on amino acid and lipid metabolism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 78: 1040-1047.

57. Fryburg DA, Gelfand RA, Barrett EJ. Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm muscle protein synthesis in normal humans. Am J Physiol. 1991; 260: E499-E504.

58. Kelly PA, Dijane J, Postel-Vinay M-C, Edery M. The prolactin/growth hormone receptor family. Endocrine Review. 1991; 12: 235-251.

59. Turkalj I, Keller U, Ninnis R, Vosmeer S, Stauffacher W. Effect of increasing doses of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on glucose, lidpid and leucine metabolism in man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1992; 75: 1186-1191.

60. Russell-Jones DL, Umpleby AM, Hennesy TR, Browes SB, Hopkins KD, Jackson NC, Kelly JM, Jones RH, Sönksen PH. Use of a leucine clamp to demonstrate that IGF-I actively stimulates protein synthesis in normal humans. Am J Physiol. 1994; 267: E591-E598.

61. Fryburg DA, Jahn LA, Hill SA, Oliveras DM, Barrett EJ. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-I enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. J Clin Invest. 1995; 96: 1722-1729.

62. Fryburg DA, Louard RJ, Gerow KE, Gelfano RA, Barrett EJ. Growth hormone stimulates skeletal muscle protein synthesis and antagonizes insulin's antiproteolytic action in humans. Diabetes. 1992; 41: 424-429.

63. Copeland KC, Nair KS. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-I increases forearm blood flow. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994; 79: 230-232.

64. Fryburg D. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine inhibits the blood flow but not the insulin-like response of forearm muscle to IGF-I. J Clin Invest. 1996; 97: 1319-1328.

65. Böger RH, Skamira C, Bode-Böger SM, Brabant G, von zur Mühlen A, Fröhlich JC. Nitric oxide may mediate the hemodynamic effects of recombinant growth hormone in patients with acquired growth hormone deficiency. J Clin Invest. 1996; 98: 2706-2713.

66. Rudman D, Kutner MH, Rogers CM, Lubin MF, Fleming A, Bain R. Impaired growth hormone secretion in the adult populaiton. J Clin Invest. 1981; 67: 1361-1369.

67. Corpas E, Harman SM, Blackman MR. Human growth hormone and human aging. Endocrine Review. 1993; 14: 20-39.

68. Yarasheski KE, Campbell JA, Smith K, Rennie MJ, Holloszy JO, Bier DM. Effects of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth in young men. Am J Physiol. 1992; 262: E261-E267.

69. Yarasheski KE, Zascwieja JJ, Campell JA, Bier DM. Effects of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am J Physiol. 1995; 268: E268-E276.

70. Taafe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, Hintz RL, Butterfield G, Hoffman AR, Marcus R. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metabt. 1994; 79: 1361-1366.

71. Papadakis MA, Grady D, Black D, Tierny MJ, Gooding GAW, Schamblean M, Grunfeld C. Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 124: 708-716.

72. Waters D, Danska J, Hardy K, Koster F, Qualls C, Nickell D, Nightingale S, Gesundheit N, Watson D, Schade D. Recombinant human growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor I and combination therapy in AIDS-associated wasting. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125: 865-872.

73. Schamblean M, Mulligan K, Grunfeld C, Daar ES, LaMarca A, Kotler DP, Wang J, Bozzette SA, Breitmeyer JB. Recombinant human growth hormone in paitents with HIV-associated wasting. Ann Intern Med. 1996; 125: 873-882.