(1) Bengtsson, B.A., Eden, S., Ernest, I., Oden, A. & Sjogren, B. (1988) Epidemiology and long-term survival in acromegaly. A study of 166 cases diagnosed between 1955 and 1984. Acta Med Scand, 223(4), 327-335.
(2) Marie, P. (1886) Sur deux cas d'acromegalie; hypertrophie singuliere non congenitale des extremites superieures, inferieures et cephalique. Rev de med, 6:297-333.
(3) Thorner, M.O., Frohman, L.A., Leong, D.A., Thominet, J., Downs, T., Hellmann, P., Chitwood, J., Vaughan, J.M. & Vale, W. (1984) Extrahypothalamic growth-hormone-releasing factor (GRF) secretion is a rare cause of acromegaly: plasma GRF levels in 177 acromegalic patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 59(5), 846-849.
(4) Asa, S.L., Scheithauer, B.W., Bilbao, J.M., Horvath, E., Ryan, N., Kovacs, K., Randall, R.V., Laws, E.R., Jr., Singer, W., Linfoot, J.A. & . (1984) A case for hypothalamic acromegaly: a clinicopathological study of six patients with hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing growth hormone-releasing factor. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 58(5), 796-803.
(5) Trainer PJ, Besser GM. The Bart's Endocrine Protocols. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
(6) Cuttler, L. (1996) The regulation of growth hormone secretion. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am, 25(3), 541-571.
(7) Le Roith, D., Bondy, C., Yakar, S., Liu, J.L. & Butler, A. (2001) The somatomedin hypothesis: 2001. Endocr Rev, 22(1), 53-74.
(8) Le Roith, D., Scavo, L. & Butler, A. (2001) What is the role of circulating IGF-I? Trends Endocrinol Metab, 12(2), 48-52.
(9) Frohman, L.A., Downs, T.R., Chomczynski, P. & Frohman, M.A. (1990) Growth hormone-releasing hormone: structure, gene expression and molecular heterogeneity. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl, 367:81-86.
(10) Kojima, M., hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H. & Kangawa, K. (1999) Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature, 402(6762), 656-660.
(11) Date, Y., Kojima, M., hosoda, H., Sawaguchi, A., Mondal, M.S., Suganuma, T., Matsukura, S., Kangawa, K. & Nakazato, M. (2000) Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans. Endocrinology, 141(11), 4255-4261.
(12) Toogood, A.A., Thornert, M.O. (2001) Ghrelin, not just another growth hormone secretagogue. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 55(5), 589-591.
(13) Mauras, N., Blizzard, R.M., Link, K., Johnson, M.L., Rogol, A.D. & Veldhuis, J.D. (1987) Augmentation of growth hormone secretion during puberty: evidence for a pulse amplitude-modulated phenomenon. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 64(3), 596-601.
(14) Clemmons, D.R. (1992) IGF binding proteins: regulation of cellular actions. Growth Regul, 2(2), 80-87.
(15) Baxter, R.C., Martin, J.L. (1989) Binding proteins for the insulin-like growth factors: structure, regulation and function. Prog Growth Factor Res, 1(1), 49-68.
(16) Jenkins, P.J., Sohaib, S.A., Akker, S., Phillips, R.R., Spillane, K., Wass, J.A., Monson, J.P., Grossman, A.B., Besser, G.M. & Reznek, R.H. (2000) The pathology of median neuropathy in acromegaly. Ann Intern Med, 133(3), 197-201.
(17) Nagulesparen, M., Trickey, R., Davies, M.J. & Jenkins, J.S. (1976) Muscle changes in acromegaly. Br Med J, 2(6041), 914-915.
(18) Renehan, A.G., Painter, J.E., Bell, G.D., Rowland, R.S., O'Dwyer, S.T. & Shalet, S.M. (2005) Determination of large bowel length and loop complexity in patients with acromegaly undergoing screening colonoscopy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 62(3), 323-330.
(19) Orme, S.M., McNally, R.J., Cartwright, R.A. & Belchetz, P.E. (1998) Mortality and cancer incidence in acromegaly: a retrospective cohort study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83:2730-2734.
(20) Wright, A.D., Hill, D.M., Lowy, C. & Fraser, T.R. (1970) Mortality in acromegaly. Q J Med, 39(153), 1-16.
(21) Alexander, L., Appleton, D., Hall, R., Ross, W.M. & Wilkinson, R. (1980) Epidemiology of acromegaly in the Newcastle region. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 12(1), 71-79.
(22) Jenkins, P.J., Besser, M. (2001) Clinical perspective: acromegaly and cancer: a problem. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86(7), 2935-2941.
(23) Colao, A., Ferone, D., Marzullo, P. & Lombardi, G. (2004) Systemic complications of acromegaly: epidemiology, pathogenesis, and management. Endocr Rev, 25(1), 102-152.
(24) Fazio, S., Cittadini, A., Biondi, B., Palmieri, E.A., Riccio, G., Bone, F., Oliviero, U. & Sacca, L. (2000) Cardiovascular effects of short-term growth hormone hypersecretion. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(1), 179-182.
(25) Colao, A., Marzullo, P., Di Somma, C. & Lombardi, G. (2001) Growth hormone and the heart. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 54(2), 137-154.
(26) Herrmann, B.L., Bruch, C., Saller, B., Ferdin, S., Dagres, N., Ose, C., Erbel, R. & Mann, K. (2001) Occurrence of ventricular late potentials in patients with active acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 55(2), 201-207.
(27) Colao, A., Spinelli, L., Marzullo, P., Pivonello, R., Petretta, M., Di Somma, C., Vitale, G., Bonaduce, D. & Lombardi, G. (2003) High prevalence of cardiac valve disease in acromegaly: an observational, analytical, case-control study. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88(7), 3196-3201.
(28) Evans, C.C., Hipkin, L.J. & Murray, G.M. (1977) Pulmonary function in acromegaly. Thorax, 32(3), 322-327.
(29) Rosenow, F., Reuter, S., Deuss, U., Szelies, B., Hilgers, R.D., Winkelmann, W. & Heiss, W.D. (1996) Sleep apnoea in treated acromegaly: relative frequency and predisposing factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 45(5), 563-569.
(30) Grunstein, R.R., Ho, K.Y., Berthon-Jones, M., Stewart, D. & Sullivan, C.E. (1994) Central sleep apnea is associated with increased ventilatory response to carbon dioxide and hypersecretion of growth hormone in patients with acromegaly. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 150(2), 496-502.
(31) Jenkins, P.J. (2006) Cancers associated with acromegaly. Neuroendocrinology, 83(3-4), 218-223.
(32) Jenkins, P.J., Frajese, V., Jones, A.-M., Camacho-Hubner, C., Lowe, D.G., Fairclough, P.D., Chew, S.L., Grossmann, A.B., Monson, J. & Besser, G.M. (2000) IGF-I and the development of colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85:3218-3221.
(33) Jenkins, P.J., Besser, G.M. & Fairclough, P.D. (1999) Colorectal neoplasia in acromegaly. Gut, 44:585-587.
(34) Jenkins, P.J., Fairclough, P.D. (2002) Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer and polyps in patients with acromegaly. Gut, 51 Suppl 5:V13-V14.
(35) Renehan, A.G., Zwahlen, M., Minder, C., O'Dwyer, S.T., Shalet, S.M. & Egger, M. (2004) Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet, 363(9418), 1346-1353.
(36) Nabarro, J.D. (1987) Acromegaly. [Review] [102 refs]. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 26(4), 481-512.
(37) Webb, S.M., Prieto, L., Badia, X., Albareda, M., Catala, M., Gaztambide, S., Lucas, T., Paramo, C., Pico, A., Lucas, A., Halperin, I., Obiols, G. & Astorga, R. (2002) Acromegaly Quality of Life Questionnaire (ACROQOL) a new health-related quality of life questionnaire for patients with acromegaly: development and psychometric properties. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 57(2), 251-258.
(38) Webb, S.M. (2006) Quality of life in acromegaly. Neuroendocrinology, 83(3-4), 224-229.
(39) Schlechte, J.A. (2002) The macroprolactin problem. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87(12), 5408-5409.
(40) Irie, M., Tsushima, T. (1972) Increase of serum growth hormone concentration following thyrotropin-releasing hormone injection in patients with acromegaly or gigantism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 35(1), 97-100.
(41) Barkan, A.L. (2004) Biochemical markers of acromegaly: GH vs. IGF-I. Growth Horm IGF Res, 14 Suppl A:S97-100.
(42) Melmed, S., Casanueva, F., Cavagnini, F., Chanson, P., Frohman, L.A., Gaillard, R., Ghigo, E., Ho, K., Jaquet, P., Kleinberg, D., Lamberts, S., Laws, E., Lombardi, G., Sheppard, M.C., Thorner, M., Vance, M.L., Wass, J.A. & Giustina, A. (2005) Consensus statement: medical management of acromegaly. Eur J Endocrinol, 153(6), 737-740.
(43) Fahlbusch, R., Keller, B., Ganslandt, O., Kreutzer, J. & Nimsky, C. (2005) Transsphenoidal surgery in acromegaly investigated by intraoperative high-field magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Endocrinol, 153(2), 239-248.
(44) Abe, T., Ludecke, D.K. (1999) Recent primary transnasal surgical outcomes associated with intraoperative growth hormone measurement in acromegaly. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 50(1), 27-35.
(45) Frank, G., Pasquini, E., Farneti, G., Mazzatenta, D., Sciarretta, V., Grasso, V. & Faustini, F.M. (2006) The endoscopic versus the traditional approach in pituitary surgery. Neuroendocrinology, 83(3-4), 240-248.
(46) Wass JAH, Carson MN, Bates P, Bevan JS, Scanlon MF, Stewart PM et al. UK Acromegaly Database - Results of Surgery. Journal of Endocrinology 164 (supplement), P54. 2000.
(47) Clayton, R.N., Wass, J.A. (1998) Pituitary tumours: recommendations for service provision and guidelines for management of patients. Royal College of Physicians. Br J Neurosurg, 12(3), 285-287.
(48) Kreutzer, J., Vance, M.L., Lopes, M.B. & Laws, E.R., Jr. (2001) Surgical management of GH-secreting pituitary adenomas: an outcome study using modern remission criteria. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 86(9), 4072-4077.
(49) Kaltsas, G.A., Isidori, A.M., Florakis, D., Trainer, P.J., Camacho-Hubner, C., Afshar, F., Sabin, I., Jenkins, J.P., Chew, S.L., Monson, J.P., Besser, G.M. & Grossman, A.B. (2001) Predictors of the outcome of surgical treatment in acromegaly and the value of the mean growth hormone day curve in assessing postoperative disease activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86(4), 1645-1652.
(50) Jenkins, P.J., Emery, M., Howling, S.J., Evanson, J., Besser, G.M. & Monson, J.P. (2004) Predicting therapeutic response and degree of pituitary tumour shrinkage during treatment of acromegaly with octreotide LAR. Horm Res, 62(5), 227-232.
(51) Colao, A., Pivonello, R., Auriemma, R.S., Briganti, F., Galdiero, M., Tortora, F., Caranci, F., Cirillo, S. & Lombardi, G. (2006) Predictors of tumor shrinkage after primary therapy with somatostatin analogs in acromegaly: a prospective study in 99 patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(6), 2112-2118.
(52) Sheaves, R., Jenkins, P., Blackburn, P., Huneidi, A.H., Afshar, F., Medbak, S., Grossman, A.B., Besser, G.M. & Wass, J.A. (1996) Outcome of transsphenoidal surgery for acromegaly using strict criteria for surgical cure. Clinical Endocrinology, 45(4), 407-413.
(53) Jenkins, P.J., Bates, P., Carson, M.N., Stewart, P.M. & Wass, J.A. (2006) Conventional pituitary irradiation is effective in lowering serum growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-I in patients with acromegaly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91(4), 1239-1245.
(54) Jones, A. (1991) Radiation oncogenesis in relation to the treatment of pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 35(5), 379-397.
(55) Landolt, A.M., Haller, D., Lomax, N., Scheib, S., Schubiger, O., Siegfried, J. & Wellis, G. (1998) Stereotactic radiosurgery for recurrent surgically treated acromegaly: comparison with fractionated radiotherapy. J Neurosurg, 88(6), 1002-1008.
(56) Wass, J.A., Thorner, M.O., Morris, D.V., Rees, L.H., Mason, A.S., Jones, A.E. & Besser, G.M. (1977) Long-term treatment of acromegaly with bromocriptine. Br Med J, 1(6065), 875-878.
(57) Abs, R., Verhelst, J., Maiter, D., Van Acker, K., Nobels, F., Coolens, J.L., Mahler, C. & Beckers, A. (1998) Cabergoline in the treatment of acromegaly: a study in 64 patients. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 83(2), 374-378.
(58) Jenkins, P.J. (2000) The use of long-acting somatostatin analogues in acromegaly. Growth Horm IGF Res, 10 Suppl B:S111-S114.
(59) Caron, P., Beckers, A., Cullen, D.R., Goth, M.I., Gutt, B., Laurberg, P., Pico, A.M., Valimaki, M. & Zgliczynski, W. (2002) Efficacy of the new long-acting formulation of lanreotide (lanreotide autogel) in the management of acromegaly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87(1), 99-104.
(60) Alexopoulou, O., Abrams, P., Verhelst, J., Poppe, K., Velkeniers, B., Abs, R. & Maiter, D. (2004) Efficacy and tolerability of lanreotide Autogel therapy in acromegalic patients previously treated with octreotide LAR. Eur J Endocrinol, 151(3), 317-324.
(61) Ashwell, S.G., Bevan, J.S., Edwards, O.M., Harris, M.M., Holmes, C., Middleton, M.A. & James, R.A. (2004) The efficacy and safety of lanreotide Autogel in patients with acromegaly previously treated with octreotide LAR. Eur J Endocrinol, 150(4), 473-480.
(62) Freda, P.U., Katznelson, L., van der Lely, A.J., Reyes, C.M., Zhao, S. & Rabinowitz, D. (2005) Long-acting somatostatin analog therapy of acromegaly: a meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90(8), 4465-4473.
(63) Jenkins, P.J., Akker, S., Chew, S.L., Besser, G.M., Monson, J.P. & Grossman, A.B. (2000) Optimal dosage interval for depot somatostatin analogue therapy in acromegaly requires individual titration. Clinical Endocrinology, 53(6), 719-724.
(64) Bruns, C., Lewis, I., Briner, U., Meno-Tetang, G. & Weckbecker, G. (2002) SOM230: a novel somatostatin peptidomimetic with broad somatotropin release inhibiting factor (SRIF) receptor binding and a unique antisecretory profile. Eur J Endocrinol, 146(5), 707-716.
(65) Jaquet, P., Gunz, G., Saveanu, A., Barlier, A., Dufour, H., Taylor, J., Dong, J., Kim, S., Moreau, J.P. & Culler, M.D. (2005) BIM-23A760, a chimeric molecule directed towards somatostatin and dopamine receptors, vs universal somatostatin receptors ligands in GH-secreting pituitary adenomas partial responders to octreotide. J Endocrinol Invest, 28(11 Suppl), 21-27.
(66) Veysey, M.J., Thomas, L.A., Mallet, A., Jenkins, P.J., Besser, G.M., Wass, J.A.H., Murphy, G.M. & Dowling, R.H. (1999) Prolonged large bowel transit increases serum deoxycholic acid: a risk factor for octreotide induced gallstones. Gut, 44:675-681.
(67) Ben Shlomo, A., Melmed, S. (2003) Clinical review 154: The role of pharmacotherapy in perioperative management of patients with acromegaly. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 88(3), 963-968.
(68) Herman-Bonert, V.S., Zib, K., Scarlett, J.A. & Melmed, S. (2000) Growth hormone receptor antagonist therapy in acromegalic patients resistant to somatostatin analogs. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 85(8), 2958-2961.
(69) Trainer, P.J., Drake, W.M., Katznelson, L., Freda, P.U., Herman-Bonert, V., Van, der, L.A., Dimaraki, E.V., Stewart, P.M., Friend, K.E., Vance, M.L., Besser, G.M., Scarlett, J.A., Thorner, M.O., Parkinson, C., Klibanski, A., Powell, J.S., Barkan, AL, Sheppard, M.C., Malsonado, M., Rose, D.R., Clemmons, D.R., Johannsson, G., Bengtsson, B.A., Stavrou, S., Kleinberg, D.L., Cook, D.M., Phillips, L.S., Bidlingmaier, M., Strasburger, C.J., Hackett, S., Zib, K., Bennett, W.F., Davis & RJ. (2000) Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormone-receptor antagonist pegvisomant [see comments]. N Engl J Med, 342(16), 1171-1177.
(70) van der Lely, A.J., Hutson, R.K., Trainer, P.J., Besser, G.M., Barkan, A.L., Katznelson, L., Klibanski, A., Herman-Bonert, V., Melmed, S., Vance, M.L., Freda, P.U., Stewart, P.M., Friend, K.E., Clemmons, D.R., Johannsson, G., Stavrou, S., Cook, D.M., Phillips, L.S., Strasburger, C.J., Hackett, S., Zib, K.A., Davis, R.J., Scarlett, J.A. & Thorner, M.O. (2001) Long-term treatment of acromegaly with pegvisomant, a growth hormone receptor antagonist. Lancet, 358(9295), 1754-1759.
(71) Feenstra, J., de Herder, W.W., ten Have, S.M., van den Beld, A.W., Feelders, R.A., Janssen, J.A. & van der Lely, A.J. (2005) Combined therapy with somatostatin analogues and weekly pegvisomant in active acromegaly. Lancet, 365(9471), 1644-1646.