1. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Besser M, Grossman A 1998 The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. Endocr Rev 19:647-672

2. Ambrosi B, Faglia G 1991 Epidemiology of pituitary tumours. In: Faglia G, Beck-Peccoz P, Ambrosi B, Travaglini P, Spada A (eds) Pituitary adenomas: New trends in basic and clinical research.Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam

3. Etxabe J, Vazquez JA 1994 Morbidity and mortality in Cushing's disease: an epidemiological approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:479-484

4. Gicquel C, Le Bouc Y, Luton JP, Girard F, Bertagna X 1992 Monoclonality of corticotroph macroadenomas in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:472-475

5. Biller BM, Alexander JM, Zervas NT, Hedley-Whyte ET, Arnold A, Klibanski A 1992 Clonal origins of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tissue in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 75:1303-1309

6. Mampalam TJ, Tyrrell JB, Wilson CB 1988 Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing disease. A report of 216 cases. Ann Intern Med 109:487-493

7. Young WF, Jr., Scheithauer BW, Gharib H, Laws ER, Jr., Carpenter PC 1988 Cushing's syndrome due to primary multinodular corticotrope hyperplasia. Mayo Clin Proc 63:256-262

8. Holthouse DJ, Robbins PD, Kahler R, Knuckey N, Pullan P 2001 Corticotroph pituitary carcinoma: case report and literature review. Endocr Pathol 12:329-341

9. Gaffey TA, Scheithauer BW, Lloyd RV, Burger PC, Robbins P, Fereidooni F, Horvath E, Kovacs K, Kuroki T, Young WF, Jr., Sebo TJ, Riehle DL, Belzberg AJ 2002 Corticotroph carcinoma of the pituitary: a clinicopathological study. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 96:352-360

10. Dahia PL, Grossman AB 1999 The molecular pathogenesis of corticotroph tumors. Endocr Rev 20:136-155

11. Dimopoulos MA, Fernandez JF, Samaan NA, Holoye PY, Vassilopoulou-Sellin R 1992 Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome as an adverse prognostic factor in patients who die early with small cell lung cancer. Cancer 69:66-71

12. Ye L, Li X, Kong X, Wang W, Bi Y, Hu L, Cui B, Li X, Ning G 2005 Hypomethylation in the promoter region of POMC gene correlates with ectopic overexpression in thymic carcinoids. J Endocrinol 185:337-343

13. Newell-Price J, King P, Clark AJ 2001 The CpG island promoter of the human proopiomelanocortin gene is methylated in nonexpressing normal tissue and tumors and represses expression. Mol Endocrinol 15:338-348

14. Clark AJ, Lavender PM, Besser GM, Rees LH 1989 Pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA size heterogeneity in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Mol Endocrinol 2:3-9

15. Stewart MF, Crosby SR, Gibson S, Twentyman PR, White A 1989 Small cell lung cancer cell lines secrete predominantly ACTH precursor peptides not ACTH. Br J Cancer 60:20-24

16. Oliver RL, Davis JR, White A 2003 Characterisation of ACTH related peptides in ectopic Cushing's syndrome. Pituitary 6:119-126

17. Shahani S, Nudelman RJ, Nalini R, Kim HS, Samson SL 2010 Ectopic corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) syndrome from metastatic small cell carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Diagn Pathol 5:56

18. Lindholm J, Juul S, Jorgensen JO, Astrup J, Bjerre P, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Hagen C, Jorgensen J, Kosteljanetz M, Kristensen L, Laurberg P, Schmidt K, Weeke J 2001 Incidence and late prognosis of cushing's syndrome: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:117-123

19. Invitti C, Giraldi FP, de Martin M, Cavagnini F 1999 Diagnosis and management of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicentre study. Study Group of the Italian Society of Endocrinology on the Pathophysiology of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:440-448

20. Findlay JC, Sheeler LR, Engeland WC, Aron DC 1993 Familial adrenocorticotropin-independent Cushing's syndrome with bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 76:189-191

21. Lacroix A, Bolte E, Tremblay J, Dupre J, Poitras P, Fournier H, Garon J, Garrel D, Bayard F, Taillefer R, . 1992 Gastric inhibitory polypeptide-dependent cortisol hypersecretion--a new cause of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 327:974-980

22. Reznik Y, Allali-Zerah V, Chayvialle JA, Leroyer R, Leymarie P, Travert G, Lebrethon MC, Budi I, Balliere AM, Mahoudeau J 1992 Food-dependent Cushing's syndrome mediated by aberrant adrenal sensitivity to gastric inhibitory polypeptide. N Engl J Med 327:981-986

23. Christopoulos S, Bourdeau I, Lacroix A 2004 Aberrant expression of hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Pituitary 7:225-235

24. de Groot JW, Links TP, Themmen AP, Looijenga LH, de Krijger RR, van Koetsveld PM, Hofland J, van den BG, Hofland LJ, Feelders RA 2010 Aberrant expression of multiple hormone receptors in ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia causing Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 163:293-299

25. Kirk JM, Brain CE, Carson DJ, Hyde JC, Grant DB 1999 Cushing's syndrome caused by nodular adrenal hyperplasia in children with McCune-Albright syndrome. J Pediatr 134:789-792

26. Weinstein LS, Shenker A, Gejman PV, Merino MJ, Friedman E, Spiegel AM 1991 Activating mutations of the stimulatory G protein in the McCune-Albright syndrome. N Engl J Med 325:1688-1695

27. Boston BA, Mandel S, LaFranchi S, Bliziotes M 1994 Activating mutation in the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein in an infant with Cushing's syndrome and nodular adrenal hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:890-893

28. Travis WD, Tsokos M, Doppman JL, Nieman L, Chrousos GP, Cutler GB, Jr., Loriaux DL, Norton JA 1989 Primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. A light and electron microscopic study of eight cases. Am J Surg Pathol 13:921-930

29. Stratakis CA, Boikos SA 2007 Genetics of adrenal tumors associated with Cushing's syndrome: a new classification for bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasias. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3:748-757

30. Swords FM, Baig A, Malchoff DM, Malchoff CD, Thorner MO, King PJ, Hunyady L, Clark AJ 2002 Impaired desensitization of a mutant adrenocorticotropin receptor associated with apparent constitutive activity. Mol Endocrinol 16:2746-2753

31. Maschler I, Rosenmann E, Ehrenfeld EN 1979 Ectopic functioning adrenocortico-myelolipoma in longstanding Nelson's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 10:493-497

32. Lalau JD, Vieau D, Tenenbaum F, Westeel PF, Mesmacque A, Lenne F, Quichaud J 1990 A case of pseudo-Nelson's syndrome: cure of ACTH hypersecretion by removal of a bronchial carcinoid tumor responsible for Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 13:531-537

33. Adeyemi SD, Grange AO, Giwa-Osagie OF, Elesha SO 1986 Adrenal rest tumour of the ovary associated with isosexual precocious pseudopuberty and cushingoid features. Eur J Pediatr 145:236-238

34. Contreras P, Altieri E, Liberman C, Gac A, Rojas A, Ibarra A, Ravanal M, Seron-Ferre M 1985 Adrenal rest tumor of the liver causing Cushing's syndrome: treatment with ketoconazole preceding an apparent surgical cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:21-28

35. Marieb NJ, Spangler S, Kashgarian M, Heimann A, Schwartz ML, Schwartz PE 1983 Cushing's syndrome secondary to ectopic cortisol production by an ovarian carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:737-740

36. Ross EJ, Linch DC 1982 Cushing's syndrome--killing disease: discriminatory value of signs and symptoms aiding early diagnosis. Lancet 2:646-649

37. Pecori GF, Pivonello R, Ambrogio AG, De Martino MC, de Martin M, Scacchi M, Colao A, Toja PM, Lombardi G, Cavagnini F 2007 The dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the desmopressin test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing's states. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 66:251-257

38. Kaltsas G, Manetti L, Grossman AB 2002 Osteoporosis in Cushing's syndrome. Front Horm Res 30:60-72

39. Weber A, Trainer PJ, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Medbak S, Perry LA, Plowman PN, Rees LH, Besser GM, Savage MO 1995 Investigation, management and therapeutic outcome in 12 cases of childhood and adolescent Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 43:19-28

40. Wajchenberg BL, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, Pereira MA, Carneiro PC, Wakamatsu A, Kirschner MA 1994 Ectopic adrenocorticotropic hormone syndrome. Endocr Rev 15:752-787

41. Orth DN 1995 Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 332:791-803

42. Meinardi JR, Wolffenbuttel BH, Dullaart RP 2007 Cyclic Cushing's syndrome: a clinical challenge. Eur J Endocrinol 157:245-254

43. Stewart PM, Krozowski ZS 1999 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Vitam Horm 57:249-324

44. Christy NP, Laragh JH 1961 Pathogenesis of hypokalemic alkalosis in Cushing's syndrome. Nord Hyg Tidskr 265:1083-1088

45. Luton JP, Thieblot P, Valcke JC, Mahoudeau JA, Bricaire H 1977 Reversible gonadotropin deficiency in male Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 45:488-495

46. Lado-Abeal J, Rodriguez-Arnao J, Newell-Price JD, Perry LA, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ 1998 Menstrual abnormalities in women with Cushing's disease are correlated with hypercortisolemia rather than raised circulating androgen levels. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3083-3088

47. Kaltsas GA, Korbonits M, Isidori AM, Webb JA, Trainer PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2000 How common are polycystic ovaries and the polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with Cushing's syndrome? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:493-500

48. Giustina A, Bossoni S, Bussi AR, Pozzi A, Wehrenberg WB 1993 Effect of galanin on the growth hormone (GH) response to GH-releasing hormone in patients with Cushing's disease. Endocr Res 19:47-56

49. Bartalena L, Martino E, Petrini L, Velluzzi F, Loviselli A, Grasso L, Mammoli C, Pinchera A 1991 The nocturnal serum thyrotropin surge is abolished in patients with adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent or ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 72:1195-1199

50. Colao A, Pivonello R, Faggiano A, Filippella M, Ferone D, Di Somma C, Cerbone G, Marzullo P, Fenzi G, Lombardi G 2000 Increased prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in patients successfully treated for Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 53:13-19

51. Niepomniszcze H, Pitoia F, Katz SB, Chervin R, Bruno OD 2002 Primary thyroid disorders in endogenous Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 147:305-311

52. Biering H, Knappe G, Gerl H, Lochs H 2000 [Prevalence of diabetes in acromegaly and Cushing syndrome]. Acta Med Austriaca 27:27-31

53. Krassowski J, Godziejewska M, Kurta J, Kasperlik-Zaluska A 1994 [Glucose tolerance in adrenocortical hyperfunction. Analysis of 100 cases]. Pol Arch Med Wewn 92:70-75

54. Catargi B, Rigalleau V, Poussin A, Ronci-Chaix N, Bex V, Vergnot V, Gin H, Roger P, Tabarin A 2003 Occult Cushing's syndrome in type-2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5808-5813

55. Newsome S, Chen K, Hoang J, Wilson JD, Potter JM, Hickman PE 2008 Cushing's syndrome in a clinic population with diabetes. Intern Med J 38:178-182

56. Mullan K, Black N, Thiraviaraj A, Bell PM, Burgess C, Hunter SJ, McCance DR, Leslie H, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB 2010 Is there value in routine screening for Cushing's syndrome in patients with diabetes? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:2262-2265

57. Arnaldi G, Scandali VM, Trementino L, Cardinaletti M, Appolloni G, Boscaro M 2010 Pathophysiology of dyslipidemia in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 92 Suppl 1:86-90

58. Trementino L, Arnaldi G, Appolloni G, Daidone V, Scaroni C, Casonato A, Boscaro M 2010 Coagulopathy in Cushing's syndrome. Neuroendocrinology 92 Suppl 1:55-59

59. De Leo M, Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, Cozzolino A, Vitale P, Simeoli C, De Martino MC, Lombardi G, Colao A 2010 Cardiovascular disease in Cushing's syndrome: heart versus vasculature. Neuroendocrinology 92 Suppl 1:50-54

60. Jyotsna VP, Naseer A, Sreenivas V, Gupta N, Deepak KK 2010 Effect of Cushing's syndrome - Endogenous hypercortisolemia on cardiovascular autonomic functions. Auton Neurosci

61. Alexandraki KI, Kaltsas GA, Vouliotis AI, Papaioannou TG, Trisk L, Zilos A, Korbonits MÃ, Michael Besser G, Anastasakis A, Grossman AB 2011 Specific electrocardiographic features associated with Cushing's disease. Clinical Endocrinology. epub ahead of print.

62. Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Jr. 1990 The sensitivity of the urine free cortisol measurement as a screening test for Cushing's syndrome. Program of the 72nd Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Society, Atlanta GA (Abstract P-822)

63. Yanovski JA, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, Nieman LK 1993 Corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation following low-dose dexamethasone administration. A new test to distinguish Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing's states. JAMA 269:2232-2238

64. Carroll BJ, Curtis GC, Davies BM, Mendels J, Sugerman AA 1976 Urinary free cortisol excretion in depression. Psychol Med 6:43-50

65. Vila R, Granada ML, Guitierrez RM, Fernandez-Lopez JA, Remesar X, Formiguera X, Foz M, Alemany M 2001 Urinary free cortisol excretion pattern in morbid obese women. Endocr Res 27:261-268

66. Lin CL, Wu TJ, Machacek DA, Jiang NS, Kao PC 1997 Urinary free cortisol and cortisone determined by high performance liquid chromatography in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:151-155

67. Turpeinen U, Markkanen H, Valimaki M, Stenman UH 1997 Determination of urinary free cortisol by HPLC. Clin Chem 43:1386-1391

68. Meikle AW, Findling J, Kushnir MM, Rockwood AL, Nelson GJ, Terry AH 2003 Pseudo-Cushing Syndrome Caused by Fenofibrate Interference with Urinary Cortisol Assayed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:3521-3524

69. Liddle GW 1960 Tests of pituitary-adrenal suppressability in the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 20:1539-1560

70. Kennedy L, Atkinson AB, Johnston H, Sheridan B, Hadden DR 1984 Serum cortisol concentrations during low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screen for Cushing's syndrome. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 289:1188-1191

71. Hankin ME, Theile HM, Steinbeck AW 1977 An evaluation of laboratory tests for the detection and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 6:185-196

72. Newell-Price J, Trainer P, Perry L, Wass J, Grossman A, Besser M 1995 A single sleeping midnight cortisol has 100% sensitivity for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 43:545-550

73. Nugent CA, Nichols T, Tyler FH 1965 Diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome-single dose dexamethasone suppression test. Arch Intern Med172-176

74. Shimizu N, Yoshida H 1976 Studies on the "low dose" suppressible Cushing's disease. Endocrinol Jpn 23:479-484

75. McHardy-Young S, Harris PW, Lessof MH, Lyne C 1967 Singledose dexamethasone suppression test for Cushing's Syndrome. Br Med J 2:740-744

76. Seidensticker JF, Folk RL, Wieland RG, Hamwi GJ 1967 Screening test for Cushing's syndrome with plasma 11- hydroxycorticosteroids. JAMA 202:87-90

77. Crapo L 1979 Cushing's syndrome: a review of diagnostic tests. Metabolism 28:955-977

78. Odagiri E, Demura R, Demura H, Suda T, Ishiwatari N, Abe Y, Jibiki K, Shizume K 1988 The changes in plasma cortisol and urinary free cortisol by an overnight dexamethasone suppression test in patients with Cushing's disease. Endocrinol Jpn 35:795-802

79. Wood PJ, Barth JH, Freedman DB, Perry L, Sheridan B 1997 Evidence for the low dose dexamethasone suppression test to screen for Cushing's syndrome--recommendations for a protocol for biochemistry laboratories. Ann Clin Biochem 34 ( Pt 3):222-229

80. Stratakis CA, Sarlis N, Kirschner LS, Carney JA, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Papanicolaou DA 1999 Paradoxical response to dexamethasone in the diagnosis of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease. Ann Intern Med 131:585-591

81. Putignano P, Kaltsas GA, Satta MA, Grossman AB 1998 The effects of anti-convulsant drugs on adrenal function. Horm Metab Res 30:389-397

82. Klose M, Lange M, Rasmussen AK, Skakkebaek NE, Hilsted L, Haug E, Andersen M, Feldt-Rasmussen U 2007 Factors influencing the adrenocorticotropin test: role of contemporary cortisol assays, body composition, and oral contraceptive agents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1326-1333

83. Carroll T, Raff H, Findling JW 2009 Late-night salivary cortisol for the diagnosis of Cushing syndrome: a meta-analysis. Endocr Pract 15:335-342

84. Liu H, Bravata DM, Cabaccan J, Raff H, Ryzen E 2005 Elevated late-night salivary cortisol levels in elderly male type 2 diabetic veterans. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:642-649

85. Raff H 2009 Utility of salivary cortisol measurements in Cushing's syndrome and adrenal insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:3647-3655

86. Masserini B, Morelli V, Bergamaschi S, Ermetici F, Eller-Vainicher C, Barbieri AM, Maffini MA, Scillitani A, Ambrosi B, Beck-Peccoz P, Chiodini I 2009 The limited role of midnight salivary cortisol levels in the diagnosis of subclinical hypercortisolism in patients with adrenal incidentaloma. Eur J Endocrinol 160:87-92

87. Martinelli CE, Jr., Sader SL, Oliveira EB, Daneluzzi JC, Moreira AC 1999 Salivary cortisol for screening of Cushing's syndrome in children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:67-71

88. Castro M, Elias PC, Quidute AR, Halah FP, Moreira AC 1999 Out-patient screening for Cushing's syndrome: the sensitivity of the combination of circadian rhythm and overnight dexamethasone suppression salivary cortisol tests. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:878-882

89. Carrasco CA, Coste J, Guignat L, Groussin L, Dugue MA, Gaillard S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J 2008 Midnight salivary cortisol determination for assessing the outcome of transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:4728-4734

90. Nunes ML, Vattaut S, Corcuff JB, Rault A, Loiseau H, Gatta B, Valli N, Letenneur L, Tabarin A 2009 Late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of overt and subclinical Cushing's syndrome in hospitalized and ambulatory patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:456-462

91. Butler PW, Besser GM 1968 Pituitary-adrenal function in severe depressive illness. Lancet 1:1234-1236

92. Bernini GP, Argenio GF, Cerri F, Franchi F 1994 Comparison between the suppressive effects of dexamethasone and loperamide on cortisol and ACTH secretion in some pathological conditions. J Endocrinol Invest 17:799-804

93. Trainer PJ, Grossman A 1991 The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 34:317-330

94. Papanicolaou DA, Yanovski JA, Cutler GB, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK, A single midnight cortisol measurement discriminates Cushing's syndrome from pseudo-Cushing's states. (Abstract)

95. Yanovski JA, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, Nieman LK, Prospective evaluation of the dexamethasone-suppressed corticotrophin-releasing hormone test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome and pseudo-Cushing's states. (Abstract)

96. Nieman L 2007 Editorial: The dexamethasone-suppressed corticotropin-releasing hormone test for the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: what have we learned in 14 years? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:2876-2878

97. Nieman LK, Biller BM, Findling JW, Newell-Price J, Savage MO, Stewart PM, Montori VM 2008 The diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:1526-1540

98. Lytras N, Grossman A, Perry L, Tomlin S, Wass JA, Coy DH, Schally AV, Rees LH, Besser GM 1984 Corticotrophin releasing factor: responses in normal subjects and patients with disorders of the hypothalamus and pituitary. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 20:71-84

99. Fig LM, Gross MD, Shapiro B, Ehrmann DA, Freitas JE, Schteingart DE, Glazer GM, Francis IR 1988 Adrenal localization in the adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent Cushing syndrome. Ann Intern Med 109:547-553

100. Perry RR, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Doppman JL, Travis WD, Norton JA 1989 Primary adrenal causes of Cushing's syndrome. Diagnosis and surgical management. Ann Surg 210:59-68

101. Doppman JL, Miller DL, Dwyer AJ, Loughlin T, Nieman L, Cutler GB, Chrousos GP, Oldfield E, Loriaux DL 1988 Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia in Cushing disease. Radiology 166:347-352

102. Doppman JL, Travis WD, Nieman L, Miller DL, Chrousos GP, Gomez MT, Cutler GB, Jr., Loriaux DL, Norton JA 1989 Cushing syndrome due to primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease: findings at CT and MR imaging. Radiology 172:415-420

103. Malchoff CD, Rosa J, DeBold CR, Kozol RA, Ramsby GR, Page DL, Malchoff DM, Orth DN 1989 Adrenocorticotropin-independent bilateral macronodular adrenal hyperplasia: an unusual cause of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 68:855-860

104. Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Travis WD, Miller DL, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, Norton JA 1991 CT and MR imaging of massive macronodular adrenocortical disease: a rare cause of autonomous primary adrenal hypercortisolism. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:773-779

105. Sohaib SA, Hanson JA, Newell-Price JD, Trainer PJ, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Reznek RH 1999 CT appearance of the adrenal glands in adrenocorticotrophic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:997-1002

106. Aron DC, Findling JW, Fitzgerald PA, Brooks RM, Fisher FE, Forsham PH, Tyrrell JB 1981 Pituitary ACTH dependency of nodular adrenal hyperplasia in Cushing's syndrome. Report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Med 71:302-306

107. Newell-Price J, Morris DG, Drake WM, Korbonits M, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2002 Optimal response criteria for the human CRH test in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1640-1645

108. Howlett TA, Drury PL, Perry L, Doniach I, Rees LH, Besser GM 1986 Diagnosis and management of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome: comparison of the features in ectopic and pituitary ACTH production. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 24:699-713

109. Findling JW, Kehoe ME, Shaker JL, Raff H 1991 Routine inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-dependent Cushing's syndrome: early recognition of the occult ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:408-413

110. Oldfield EH, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Miller DL, Katz DA, Cutler GB, Jr., Loriaux DL 1991 Petrosal sinus sampling with and without corticotropin-releasing hormone for the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med 325:897-905

111. Kaltsas GA, Giannulis MG, Newell-Price JD, Dacie JE, Thakkar C, Afshar F, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ 1999 A critical analysis of the value of simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling in Cushing's disease and the occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:487-492

112. Colao A, Faggiano A, Pivonello R, Giraldi FP, Cavagnini F, Lombardi G 2001 Inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: results of an Italian multicenter study. Eur J Endocrinol 144:499-507

113. Swearingen B, Katznelson L, Miller K, Grinspoon S, Waltman A, Dorer DJ, Klibanski A, Biller BM 2004 Diagnostic errors after inferior petrosal sinus sampling. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:3752-3763

114. Yamamoto Y, Davis DH, Nippoldt TB, Young WF, Jr., Huston J, III, Parisi JE 1995 False-positive inferior petrosal sinus sampling in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 83:1087-1091

115. McCance DR, McIlrath E, McNeill A, Gordon DS, Hadden DR, Kennedy L, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB 1989 Bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling as a routine procedure in ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 30:157-166

116. Machado MC, de Sa SV, Domenice S, Fragoso MC, Puglia P, Jr., Pereira MA, de Mendonca BB, Salgado LR 2007 The role of desmopressin in bilateral and simultaneous inferior petrosal sinus sampling for differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 66:136-142

117. Miller DL 1992 Neurologic complications of petrosal sinus sampling. Radiology 183:878

118. Lefournier V, Gatta B, Martinie M, Vasdev A, Tabarin A, Bessou P, Berge J, Bachelot I, Chabre O 1999 One transient neurological complication (sixth nerve palsy) in 166 consecutive inferior petrosal sinus samplings for the etiological diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:3401-3402

119. Arnaldi G, Angeli A, Atkinson AB, Bertagna X, Cavagnini F, Chrousos GP, Fava GA, Findling JW, Gaillard RC, Grossman AB, Kola B, Lacroix A, Mancini T, Mantero F, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Sonino N, Vance ML, Giustina A, Boscaro M 2003 Diagnosis and complications of Cushing's syndrome: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5593-5602

120. Rotman-Pikielny P, Patronas N, Papanicolaou DA 2003 Pituitary apoplexy induced by corticotrophin-releasing hormone in a patient with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:545-549

121. Erickson D, Huston J, III, Young WF, Jr., Carpenter PC, Wermers RA, Bonelli FS, Powell CC 2004 Internal jugular vein sampling in adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent Cushing's syndrome: a comparison with inferior petrosal sinus sampling. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 60:413-419

122. Tabarin A, Greselle JF, San Galli F, Leprat F, Caille JM, Latapie JL, Guerin J, Roger P 1991 Usefulness of the corticotropin-releasing hormone test during bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling for the diagnosis of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:53-59

123. Landolt AM, Schubiger O, Maurer R, Girard J 1994 The value of inferior petrosal sinus sampling in diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:485-492

124. Lefournier V, Martinie M, Vasdev A, Bessou P, Passagia JG, Labat-Moleur F, Sturm N, Bosson JL, Bachelot I, Chabre O 2003 Accuracy of bilateral inferior petrosal or cavernous sinuses sampling in predicting the lateralization of Cushing's disease pituitary microadenoma: influence of catheter position and anatomy of venous drainage. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:196-203

125. Lienhardt A, Grossman AB, Dacie JE, Evanson J, Huebner A, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Besser GM, Savage MO 2001 Relative contributions of inferior petrosal sinus sampling and pituitary imaging in the investigation of children and adolescents with ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:5711-5714

126. Morris DG, Grossman AB 2003 Dynamic tests in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Endocrinol Invest 26:64-73

127. Miller DL, Doppman JL, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos G, Loriaux DL, Oldfield EH 1990 Petrosal sinus sampling: discordant lateralization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas before and after stimulation with corticotropin-releasing hormone. Radiology 176:429-431

128. Howlett TA, Grossman A, Rees LH, Besser GM 1986 Differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2:871

129. Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Oldfield EH, Avgerinos PC, Cutler GB, Jr., Loriaux DL 1986 The ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test and the dexamethasone suppression test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Med 105:862-867

130. Grossman AB, Howlett TA, Perry L, Coy DH, Savage MO, Lavender P, Rees LH, Besser GM 1988 CRF in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison with the dexamethasone suppression test. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 29:167-178

131. Dichek HL, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Pass HI, Malley JD, Cutler GB, Jr. 1994 A comparison of the standard high dose dexamethasone suppression test and the overnight 8-mg dexamethasone suppression test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:418-422

132. Tyrrell JB, Findling JW, Aron DC, Fitzgerald PA, Forsham PH 1986 An overnight high-dose dexamethasone suppression test for rapid differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Ann Intern Med 104:180-186

133. Bruno OD, Rossi MA, Contreras LN, Gomez RM, Galparsoro G, Cazado E, Kral M, Leber B, Arias D 1985 Nocturnal high-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the aetiological diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 109:158-162

134. Isidori AM, Kaltsas GA, Mohammed S, Morris DG, Jenkins P, Chew SL, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2003 Discriminatory value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in establishing the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5299-5306

135. Trainer PJ, Faria M, Newell-Price J, Browne P, Kopelman P, Coy DH, Besser GM, Grossman AB 1995 A comparison of the effects of human and ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone on the pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:412-417

136. Trainer PJ, Woods RJ, Korbonits M, Popovic V, Stewart PM, Lowry PJ, Grossman AB 1998 The pathophysiology of circulating corticotropin-releasing hormone- binding protein levels in the human. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:1611-1614

137. Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Wesley R, Chrousos GP, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB, Jr. 1993 A simplified morning ovine corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test for the differential diagnosis of adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 77:1308-1312

138. Giraldi FP, Invitti C, Cavagnini F 2001 The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in the diagnosis of ACTH- dependent Cushing's syndrome: a reappraisal. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 54:601-607

139. Hermus AR, Pieters GF, Pesman GJ, Smals AG, Benraad TJ, Kloppenborg PW 1986 The corticotropin-releasing-hormone test versus the high-dose dexamethasone test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Lancet 2:540-544

140. Woo YS, Isidori AM, Wat WZ, Kaltsas GA, Afshar F, Sabin I, Jenkins PJ, Monson JP, Besser GM, Grossman AB 2005 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of adrenocorticotropin-secreting macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:4963-4969

141. Korbonits M, Kaltsas G, Perry LA, Putignano P, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Trainer PJ 1999 The growth hormone secretagogue hexarelin stimulates the hypothalamo- pituitary-adrenal axis via arginine vasopressin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2489-2495

142. Korbonits M, Bustin SA, Kojima M, Jordan S, Adams EF, Lowe DG, Kangawa K, Grossman AB 2001 The expression of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor ligand ghrelin in normal and abnormal human pituitary and other neuroendocrine tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:881-887

143. Tabarin A, San Galli F, Dezou S, Leprat F, Corcuff JB, Latapie JL, Guerin J, Roger P 1990 The corticotropin-releasing factor test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome: a comparison with the lysine-vasopressin test. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 123:331-338

144. Malerbi DA, Mendonca BB, Liberman B, Toledo SP, Corradini MC, Cunha-Neto MB, Fragoso MC, Wajchenberg BL 1993 The desmopressin stimulation test in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:463-472

145. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Ramunni J, Colao A, Gianotti L, Deghenghi R, Lombardi G, Camanni F 1997 Adrenocorticotropin- and cortisol-releasing effect of hexarelin, a synthetic growth hormone-releasing peptide, in normal subjects and patients with Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:2439-2444

146. Newell-Price J, Perry L, Medbak S, Monson J, Savage M, Besser M, Grossman A 1997 A combined test using desmopressin and corticotropin-releasing hormone in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:176-181

147. Tsagarakis S, Tsigos C, Vasiliou V, Tsiotra P, Kaskarelis J, Sotiropoulou C, Raptis SA, Thalassinos N 2002 The desmopressin and combined CRH-desmopressin tests in the differential diagnosis of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome: constraints imposed by the expression of V2 vasopressin receptors in tumors with ectopic ACTH secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:1646-1653

148. Korbonits M, Jacobs RA, Aylwin SJB, Burrin JM, Dahia PLM, Monson JP, Honegger J, Fahlbush R, Trainer PJ, Chew SL, Besser GM, Grossman AB 1998 Expression of the Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor in Pituitary Adenomas and Other Neuroendocrine Tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3624-3630

149. Hall WA, Luciano MG, Doppman JL, Patronas NJ, Oldfield EH 1994 Pituitary magnetic resonance imaging in normal human volunteers: occult adenomas in the general population. Ann Intern Med 120:817-820

150. Doppman JL, Frank JA, Dwyer AJ, Oldfield EH, Miller DL, Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Cutler GB, Jr., Loriaux DL 1988 Gadolinium DTPA enhanced MR imaging of ACTH-secreting microadenomas of the pituitary gland. J Comput Assist Tomogr 12:728-735

151. Patronas N, Bulakbasi N, Stratakis CA, Lafferty A, Oldfield EH, Doppman J, Nieman LK 2003 Spoiled gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state technique is superior to conventional postcontrast spin echo technique for magnetic resonance imaging detection of adrenocorticotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1565-1569

152. Findling JW, Doppman JL 1994 Biochemical and radiologic diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 23:511-537

153. Kaye TB, Crapo L 1990 The Cushing syndrome: an update on diagnostic tests. Ann Intern Med 112:434-444

154. Escourolle H, Abecassis JP, Bertagna X, Guilhaume B, Pariente D, Derome P, Bonnin A, Luton JP 1993 Comparison of computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the examination of the pituitary gland in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:307-313

155. de Herder WW, Uitterlinden P, Pieterman H, Tanghe HL, Kwekkeboom DJ, Pols HA, Singh R, van de Berge JH, Lamberts SW 1994 Pituitary tumour localization in patients with Cushing's disease by magnetic resonance imaging. Is there a place for petrosal sinus sampling? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 40:87-92

156. Buchfelder M, Nistor R, Fahlbusch R, Huk WJ 1993 The accuracy of CT and MR evaluation of the sella turcica for detection of adrenocorticotropic hormone-secreting adenomas in Cushing disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14:1183-1190

157. Doppman JL, Pass HI, Nieman LK, Findling JW, Dwyer AJ, Feuerstein IM, Ling A, Travis WD, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, . 1991 Detection of ACTH-producing bronchial carcinoid tumors: MR imaging vs CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 156:39-43

158. de Herder WW, Lamberts SW 1999 Tumor localization--the ectopic ACTH syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1184-1185

159. Tabarin A, Valli N, Chanson P, Bachelot Y, Rohmer V, Bex-Bachellerie V, Catargi B, Roger P, Laurent F 1999 Usefulness of somatostatin receptor scintigraphy in patients with occult ectopic adrenocorticotropin syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1193-1202

160. Torpy DJ, Chen CC, Mullen N, Doppman JL, Carrasquillo JA, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK 1999 Lack of utility of (111)In-pentetreotide scintigraphy in localizing ectopic ACTH producing tumors: follow-up of 18 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:1186-1192

161. Kumar J, Spring M, Carroll PV, Barrington SF, Powrie JK 2006 18Flurodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the localization of ectopic ACTH-secreting neuroendocrine tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 64:371-374

162. Pacak K, Ilias I, Chen CC, Carrasquillo JA, Whatley M, Nieman LK 2004 The role of [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and [(111)In]-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate-D-Phe-pentetreotide scintigraphy in the localization of ectopic adrenocorticotropin-secreting tumors causing Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2214-2221

163. Lamberts SW, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW 1995 Transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy is the treatment of choice in patients with Cushing's disease. Considerations concerning preoperative medical treatment and the long-term follow-up. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3111-3113

164. Bochicchio D, Losa M, Buchfelder M 1995 Factors influencing the immediate and late outcome of Cushing's disease treated by transsphenoidal surgery: a retrospective study by the European Cushing's Disease Survey Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3114-3120

165. Blevins LS, Jr., Christy JH, Khajavi M, Tindall GT 1998 Outcomes of therapy for Cushing's disease due to adrenocorticotropin- secreting pituitary macroadenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:63-67

166. Sonino N, Zielezny M, Fava GA, Fallo F, Boscaro M 1996 Risk factors and long-term outcome in pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2647-2652

167. Biller BM, Grossman AB, Stewart PM, Melmed S, Bertagna X, Bertherat J, Buchfelder M, Colao A, Hermus AR, Hofland LJ, Klibanski A, Lacroix A, Lindsay JR, Newell-Price J, Nieman LK, Petersenn S, Sonino N, Stalla GK, Swearingen B, Vance ML, Wass JA, Boscaro M 2008 Treatment of Adrenocorticotropin-Dependent Cushing's Syndrome: A Consensus Statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:2454-2462

168. Hammer GD, Tyrrell JB, Lamborn KR, Applebury CB, Hannegan ET, Bell S, Rahl R, Lu A, Wilson CB 2004 Transsphenoidal microsurgery for Cushing's disease: initial outcome and long-term results. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:6348-6357

169. Ram Z, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, Doppman JL, Oldfield EH 1994 Early repeat surgery for persistent Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg 80:37-45

170. Netea-Maier RT, van Lindert EJ, den Heijer M, van der EA, Pieters GF, Sweep CG, Grotenhuis JA, Hermus AR 2006 Transsphenoidal pituitary surgery via the endoscopic technique: results in 35 consecutive patients with Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 154:675-684

171. Wagenmakers MA, Netea-Maier RT, van Lindert EJ, Timmers HJ, Grotenhuis JA, Hermus AR 2009 Repeated transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TS) via the endoscopic technique: a good therapeutic option for recurrent or persistent Cushing's disease (CD). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 70:274-280

172. Trainer PJ, Lawrie HS, Verhelst J, Howlett TA, Lowe DG, Grossman AB, Savage MO, Afshar F, Besser GM 1993 Transsphenoidal resection in Cushing's disease: undetectable serum cortisol as the definition of successful treatment. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 38:73-78

173. Hughes NR, Lissett CA, Shalet SM 1999 Growth hormone status following treatment for Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:61-66

174. Kelly PA, Samandouras G, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Besser GM, Jenkins PJ 2002 Neurosurgical Treatment of Nelson's Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:5465-5469

175. Pereira AM, van Aken MO, van Dulken H, Schutte PJ, Biermasz NR, Smit JW, Roelfsema F, Romijn JA 2003 Long-term predictive value of postsurgical cortisol concentrations for cure and risk of recurrence in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5858-5864

176. Esposito F, Dusick JR, Cohan P, Moftakhar P, McArthur D, Wang C, Swerdloff RS, Kelly DF 2006 Clinical review: Early morning cortisol levels as a predictor of remission after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:7-13

177. Avgerinos PC, Chrousos GP, Nieman LK, Oldfield EH, Loriaux DL, Cutler GB, Jr. 1987 The corticotropin-releasing hormone test in the postoperative evaluation of patients with cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 65:906-913

178. Nieman LK, Gumowski J, DeVroom H, Ram Z, Oldfield EH, Prediction of long-term remission of Cushing's disease after successful transsphenoidal resection of ACTH-secreting tumor. (Abstract)

179. Locatelli M, Vance ML, Laws ER 2005 Clinical review: the strategy of immediate reoperation for transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:5478-5482

180. Papanicolaou DA, Tsigos C, Oldfield EH, Chrousos GP 1996 Acute glucocorticoid deficiency is associated with plasma elevations of interleukin-6: does the latter participate in the symptomatology of the steroid withdrawal syndrome and adrenal insufficiency? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2303-2306

181. Leshin M 1982 Acute adrenal insufficiency: recognition, management, and prevention. Urol Clin North Am 9:229-235

182. Doherty GM, Nieman LK, Cutler GB, Jr., Chrousos GP, Norton JA 1990 Time to recovery of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis after curative resection of adrenal tumors in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Surgery 108:1085-1090

183. Plumpton FS, Besser GM 1968 The adrenocortical response to surgery and insulin-induced hypoglycemia in corticosteroid-treated and normal subjects. Br J Surg 55:857

184. Bangar V, Clayton RN 1998 How reliable is the short synacthen test for the investigation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? Eur J Endocrinol 139:580-583

185. Kehlet H, Lindholm J, Bjerre P 1984 Value of the 30 min ACTH-test in assessing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical function after pituitary surgery in Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 20:349-353

186. Stewart PM, Corrie J, Seckl JR, Edwards CR, Padfield PL 1988 A rational approach for assessing the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Lancet 1:1208-1210

187. Orme SM, Peacey SR, Barth JH, Belchetz PE 1996 Comparison of tests of stress-released cortisol secretion in pituitary disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 45:135-140

188. Ammari F, Issa BG, Millward E, Scanion MF 1996 A comparison between short ACTH and insulin stress tests for assessing hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 44:473-476

189. Debono M, Ghobadi C, Rostami-Hodjegan A, Huatan H, Campbell MJ, Newell-Price J, Darzy K, Merke DP, Arlt W, Ross RJ 2009 Modified-release hydrocortisone to provide circadian cortisol profiles. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:1548-1554

190. Timmers HJ, van Ginneken EM, Wesseling P, Sweep CG, Hermus AR 2006 A patient with recurrent hypercortisolism after removal of an ACTH-secreting pituitary adenoma due to an adrenal macronodule. J Endocrinol Invest 29:934-939

191. Olson BR, Rubino D, Gumowski J, Oldfield EH 1995 Isolated hyponatremia after transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:85-91

192. Valimaki M, Pelkonen R, Porkka L, Sivula A, Kahri A 1984 Long-term results of adrenal surgery in patients with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenocortical adenoma. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 20:229-236

193. Sarkar R, Thompson NW, McLeod MK 1990 The role of adrenalectomy in Cushing's syndrome. Surgery 108:1079-1084

194. Bertagna C, Orth DN 1981 Clinical and laboratory findings and results of therapy in 58 patients with adrenocortical tumors admitted to a single medical center (1951 to 1978). Am J Med 71:855-875

195. Bellantone R, Ferrante A, Boscherini M, Lombardi CP, Crucitti P, Crucitti F, Favia G, Borrelli D, Boffi L, Capussotti L, Carbone G, Casaccia M, Cavallaro A, Del Gaudio A, Dettori G, Di G, V, Mazziotti A, Marrano D, Masenti E, Miccoli P, Mosca F, Mussa A, Petronio R, Piat G, Marazano L, . 1997 Role of reoperation in recurrence of adrenal cortical carcinoma: results from 188 cases collected in the Italian National Registry for Adrenal Cortical Carcinoma. Surgery 122:1212-1218

196. McCallum RW, Connell JM 2001 Laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 55:435-436

197. Kemink L, Pieters G, Hermus A, Smals A, Kloppenborg P 1994 Patient's age is a simple predictive factor for the development of Nelson's syndrome after total adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 79:887-889

198. Jenkins PJ, Trainer PJ, Plowman PN, Shand WS, Grossman AB, Wass JA, Besser GM 1995 The long-term outcome after adrenalectomy and prophylactic pituitary radiotherapy in adrenocorticotropin-dependent Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:165-171

199. Assie G, Bahurel H, Coste J, Silvera S, Kujas M, Dugue MA, Karray F, Dousset B, Bertherat J, Legmann P, Bertagna X 2007 Corticotroph tumor progression after adrenalectomy in Cushing's Disease: A reappraisal of Nelson's Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:172-179

200. Nagesser SK, van Seters AP, Kievit J, Hermans J, van Dulken H, Krans HM, van de Velde CJ 2000 Treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome: long-term results of unilateral adrenalectomy followed by external pituitary irradiation compared to transsphenoidal pituitary surgery. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52:427-435

201. Sheline GE, Wara WM, Smith V 1980 Therapeutic irradiation and brain injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 6:1215-1228

202. Howlett TA, Plowman PN, Wass JA, Rees LH, Jones AE, Besser GM 1989 Megavoltage pituitary irradiation in the management of Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome: long-term follow-up. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 31:309-323

203. Estrada J, Boronat M, Mielgo M, Magallon R, Millan I, Diez S, Lucas T, Barcelo B 1997 The long-term outcome of pituitary irradiation after unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 336:172-177

204. Minniti G, Osti M, Jaffrain-Rea ML, Esposito V, Cantore G, Maurizi ER 2007 Long-term follow-up results of postoperative radiation therapy for Cushing's disease. J Neurooncol 84:79-84

205. Plowman PN 1999 Pituitary adenoma radiotherapy-when, who and how? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 51:265-271

206. Vance ML 2009 Cushing's disease: radiation therapy. Pituitary 12:11-14

207. Jagannathan J, Sheehan JP, Pouratian N, Laws ER, Steiner L, Vance ML 2007 Gamma Knife surgery for Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg 106:980-987

208. Swords FM, Monson JP, Besser GM, Chew SL, Drake WM, Grossman AB, Plowman PN 2009 Gamma knife radiosurgery: a safe and effective salvage treatment for pituitary tumours not controlled despite conventional radiotherapy. Eur J Endocrinol 161:819-828

209. Petit JH, Biller BM, Yock TI, Swearingen B, Coen JJ, Chapman P, Ancukiewicz M, Bussiere M, Klibanski A, Loeffler JS 2008 Proton stereotactic radiotherapy for persistent adrenocorticotropin-producing adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 93:393-399

210. Swords FM, Allan CA, Plowman PN, Sibtain A, Evanson J, Chew SL, Grossman AB, Besser GM, Monson JP 2003 Stereotactic Radiosurgery XVI: A Treatment for Previously Irradiated Pituitary Adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:5334-5340

211. Magee BJ, Gattamaneni HR, Pearson D 1987 Adrenal cortical carcinoma: survival after radiotherapy. Clin Radiol 38:587-588

212. de Castro F, Isa W, Aguera L, Rosell CD, Abad JI, Robles JE, Zudaire JJ, Berian JM 1993 [Primary adrenal carcinoma]. Actas Urol Esp 17:30-34

213. Fassnacht M, Hahner S, Polat B, Koschker AC, Kenn W, Flentje M, Allolio B 2006 Efficacy of adjuvant radiotherapy of the tumor bed on local recurrence of adrenocortical carcinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4501-4504

214. He J, Zhou J, Lu Z 1995 Radiotherapy of ectopic ACTH syndrome due to thoracic carcinoids. Chin Med J (Engl ) 108:338-341

215. Andres R, Mayordomo JI, Cajal S, Tres A 2002 Paraneoplastic Cushing's syndrome associated to locally advanced thymic carcinoid tumor. Tumori 88:65-67

216. Carballeira A, Fishman LM, Jacobi JD 1976 Dual sites of inhibition by metyrapone of human adrenal steroidogenesis: correlation of in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 42:687-695

217. Trainer PJ, Besser M 1994 Cushing's syndrome. Therapy directed at the adrenal glands. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 23:571-584

218. Owen LJ, Halsall DJ, Keevil BG 2010 Cortisol measurement in patients receiving metyrapone therapy. Ann Clin Biochem 47:573-575

219. Verhelst JA, Trainer PJ, Howlett TA, Perry L, Rees LH, Grossman AB, Wass JA, Besser GM 1991 Short and long-term responses to metyrapone in the medical management of 91 patients with Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 35:169-178

220. Connell JM, Cordiner J, Davies DL, Fraser R, Frier BM, McPherson SG 1985 Pregnancy complicated by Cushing's syndrome: potential hazard of metyrapone therapy. Case report. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 92:1192-1195

221. Santen RJ, Van den BH, Symoens J, Brugmans J, DeCoster R 1983 Site of action of low dose ketoconazole on androgen biosynthesis in men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57:732-736

222. Pont A, Goldman ES, Sugar AM, Siiteri PK, Stevens DA 1985 Ketoconazole-induced increase in estradiol-testosterone ratio. Probable explanation for gynecomastia. Arch Intern Med 145:1429-1431

223. Engelhardt D, Dorr G, Jaspers C, Knorr D 1985 Ketoconazole blocks cortisol secretion in man by inhibition of adrenal 11 beta-hydroxylase. Klin Wochenschr 63:607-612

224. Engelhardt D, Weber MM, Miksch T, Abedinpour F, Jaspers C 1991 The influence of ketoconazole on human adrenal steroidogenesis: incubation studies with tissue slices. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 35:163-168

225. Steen RE, Kapelrud H, Haug E, Frey H 1991 In vivo and in vitro inhibition by ketoconazole of ACTH secretion from a human thymic carcinoid tumour. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 125:331-334

226. Chou SC, Lin JD 2000 Long-term effects of ketoconazole in the treatment of residual or recurrent Cushing's disease. Endocr J 47:401-406

227. Ahmed M, Kanaan I, Alarifi A, Ba-Essa E, Saleem M, Tulbah A, McArthur P, Hessler R 2000 ACTH-producing pituitary cancer: experience at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Centre. Pituitary 3:105-112

228. Rickman T, Garmany R, Doherty T, Benson D, Okusa MD 2001 Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, and hypertension: Cushing's syndrome in a patient with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma. Am J Kidney Dis 37:838-846

229. Lewis JH, Zimmerman HJ, Benson GD, Ishak KG 1984 Hepatic injury associated with ketoconazole therapy. Analysis of 33 cases. Gastroenterology 86:503-513

230. McCance DR, Ritchie CM, Sheridan B, Atkinson AB 1987 Acute hypoadrenalism and hepatotoxicity after treatment with ketoconazole. Lancet 1:573

231. Sonino N, Boscaro M, Paoletta A, Mantero F, Ziliotto D 1991 Ketoconazole treatment in Cushing's syndrome: experience in 34 patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 35:347-352

232. Tucker WS, Jr., Snell BB, Island DP, Gregg CR 1985 Reversible adrenal insufficiency induced by ketoconazole. JAMA 253:2413-2414

233. Miettinen TA 1988 Cholesterol metabolism during ketoconazole treatment in man. J Lipid Res 29:43-51

234. Riedl M, Maier C, Zettinig G, Nowotny P, Schima W, Luger A 2006 Long term control of hypercortisolism with fluconazole: case report and in vitro studies. Eur J Endocrinol 154:519-524

235. Young RB, Bryson MJ, Sweat ML, Street JC 1973 Complexing of DDT and o,p'DDD with adrenal cytochrome P-450 hydroxylating systems. J Steroid Biochem 4:585-591

236. Icard P, Goudet P, Charpenay C, Andreassian B, Carnaille B, Chapuis Y, Cougard P, Henry JF, Proye C 2001 Adrenocortical carcinomas: surgical trends and results of a 253-patient series from the French Association of Endocrine Surgeons study group. World J Surg 25:891-897

237. Terzolo M, Angeli A, Fassnacht M, Daffara F, Tauchmanova L, Conton PA, Rossetto R, Buci L, Sperone P, Grossrubatscher E, Reimondo G, Bollito E, Papotti M, Saeger W, Hahner S, Koschker AC, Arvat E, Ambrosi B, Loli P, Lombardi G, Mannelli M, Bruzzi P, Mantero F, Allolio B, Dogliotti L, Berruti A 2007 Adjuvant mitotane treatment for adrenocortical carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356:2372-2380

238. Luton JP, Cerdas S, Billaud L, Thomas G, Guilhaume B, Bertagna X, Laudat MH, Louvel A, Chapuis Y, Blondeau P, . 1990 Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy. N Engl J Med 322:1195-1201

239. Schteingart DE, Tsao HS, Taylor CI, McKenzie A, Victoria R, Therrien BA 1980 Sustained remission of Cushing's disease with mitotane and pituitary irradiation. Ann Intern Med 92:613-619

240. Maher VM, Trainer PJ, Scoppola A, Anderson JV, Thompson GR, Besser GM 1992 Possible mechanism and treatment of o,p'DDD-induced hypercholesterolaemia. Q J Med 84:671-679

241. Haak HR, Caekebeke-Peerlinck KM, van Seters AP, Briet E 1991 Prolonged bleeding time due to mitotane therapy. Eur J Cancer 27:638-641

242. Ledingham IM, Watt I 1983 Influence of sedation on mortality in critically ill multiple trauma patients. Lancet 1:1270

243. Weber MM, Lang J, Abedinpour F, Zeilberger K, Adelmann B, Engelhardt D 1993 Different inhibitory effect of etomidate and ketoconazole on the human adrenal steroid biosynthesis. Clin Investig 71:933-938

244. Lamberts SW, Bons EG, Bruining HA, de Jong FH 1987 Differential effects of the imidazole derivatives etomidate, ketoconazole and miconazole and of metyrapone on the secretion of cortisol and its precursors by human adrenocortical cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 240:259-264

245. De Coster R, Beerens D, Haelterman C, Wouters L 1985 Effects of etomidate on cortisol biosynthesis in isolated guinea-pig adrenal cells: comparison with metyrapone. J Endocrinol Invest 8:199-202

246. Allolio B, Stuttmann R, Fischer H, Leonhard W, Winkelmann W 1983 Long-term etomidate and adrenocortical suppression. Lancet 2:626

247. Allolio B, Schulte HM, Kaulen D, Reincke M, Jaursch-Hancke C, Winkelmann W 1988 Nonhypnotic low-dose etomidate for rapid correction of hypercortisolaemia in Cushing's syndrome. Klin Wochenschr 66:361-364

248. Herrmann BL, Mitchell A, Saller B, Stolke D, Forsting M, Frilling A, Mann K 2001 [Transsphenoidal hypophysectomy of a patient with an ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma and an "empty sella" after pretreatment with etomidate]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 126:232-234

249. Drake WM, Perry LA, Hinds CJ, Lowe DG, Reznek RH, Besser GM 1998 Emergency and prolonged use of intravenous etomidate to control hypercortisolemia in a patient with Cushing's syndrome and peritonitis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:3542-3544

250. Krakoff J, Koch CA, Calis KA, Alexander RH, Nieman LK 2001 Use of a parenteral propylene glycol-containing etomidate preparation for the long-term management of ectopic Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4104-4108

251. Greening JE, Brain CE, Perry LA, Mushtaq I, Sales MJ, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2005 Efficient short-term control of hypercortisolaemia by low-dose etomidate in severe paediatric Cushing's disease. Horm Res 64:140-143

252. Lamberts SW, de Herder WW, Krenning EP, Reubi JC 1994 A role of (labeled) somatostatin analogs in the differential diagnosis and treatment of Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:17-19

253. Batista DL, Zhang X, Gejman R, Ansell PJ, Zhou Y, Johnson SA, Swearingen B, Hedley-Whyte ET, Stratakis CA, Klibanski A 2006 The effects of SOM230 on cell proliferation and adrenocorticotropin secretion in human corticotroph pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:4482-4488

254. Boscaro M, Ludlam WH, Atkinson B, Glusman JE, Petersenn S, Reincke M, Snyder P, Tabarin A, Biller BM, Findling J, Melmed S, Darby CH, Hu K, Wang Y, Freda PU, Grossman AB, Frohman LA, Bertherat J 2009 Treatment of pituitary-dependent Cushing's disease with the multireceptor ligand somatostatin analog pasireotide (SOM230): a multicenter, phase II trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 94:115-122

255. Colao A 2010 Pasireotide (SOM230) provides clinical benefit in patients with Cushing's disease: results from a large, 12-month, randomized-dose, double-blind, Phase III study. Abstract# OC1.7.European Neuroendocrine Association (ENEA) 14th Congress

256. Pivonello R, Ferone D, de Herder WW, Kros JM, De Caro ML, Arvigo M, Annunziato L, Lombardi G, Colao A, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW 2004 Dopamine receptor expression and function in corticotroph pituitary tumors. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2452-2462

257. Godbout A, Manavela M, Danilowicz K, Beauregard H, Bruno OD, Lacroix A 2010 Cabergoline monotherapy in the long-term treatment of Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 163:709-716

258. Feelders RA, de Bruin C, Pereira AM, Romijn JA, Netea-Maier RT, Hermus AR, Zelissen PM, van Heerebeek R, de Jong FH, van der Lely AJ, de Herder WW, Hofland LJ, Lamberts SW 2010 Pasireotide alone or with cabergoline and ketoconazole in Cushing's disease. N Engl J Med 362:1846-1848

259. Curto L, Torre ML, Ferrau F, Pitini V, Altavilla G, Granata F, Longo M, Hofland LJ, Trimarchi F, Cannavo S 2010 Temozolomide-induced shrinkage of a pituitary carcinoma causing Cushing's disease--report of a case and literature review. ScientificWorldJournal 10:2132-2138

260. Bode H, Seiz M, Lammert A, Brockmann MA, Back W, Hammes HP, Thome C 2010 SOM230 (pasireotide) and temozolomide achieve sustained control of tumour progression and ACTH secretion in pituitary carcinoma with widespread metastases. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 118:760-763

261. McCormack AI, McDonald KL, Gill AJ, Clark SJ, Burt MG, Campbell KA, Braund WJ, Little NS, Cook RJ, Grossman AB, Robinson BG, Clifton-Bligh RJ 2009 Low O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) expression and response to temozolomide in aggressive pituitary tumours. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 71:226-233

262. Kovacs K, Scheithauer BW, Lombardero M, McLendon RE, Syro LV, Uribe H, Ortiz LD, Penagos LC 2008 MGMT immunoexpression predicts responsiveness of pituitary tumors to temozolomide therapy. Acta Neuropathol 115:261-262

263. Bush ZM, Longtine JA, Cunningham T, Schiff D, Jane JA, Jr., Vance ML, Thorner MO, Laws ER, Jr., Lopes MB 2010 Temozolomide treatment for aggressive pituitary tumors: correlation of clinical outcome with O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT) promoter methylation and expression. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:E280-E290

264. Raverot G, Sturm N, de Fraipont F, Muller M, Salenave S, Caron P, Chabre O, Chanson P, Cortet-Rudelli C, Assaker R, Dufour H, Gaillard S, Francois P, Jouanneau E, Passagia JG, Bernier M, Cornelius A, Figarella-Branger D, Trouillas J, Borson-Chazot F, Brue T 2010 Temozolomide treatment in aggressive pituitary tumors and pituitary carcinomas: a French multicenter experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:4592-4599

265. Paez-Pereda M, Kovalovsky D, Hopfner U, Theodoropoulou M, Pagotto U, Uhl E, Losa M, Stalla J, Grubler Y, Missale C, Arzt E, Stalla GK 2001 Retinoic acid prevents experimental Cushing syndrome. J Clin Invest 108:1123-1131

266. Heaney AP, Fernando M, Yong WH, Melmed S 2002 Functional PPAR-gamma receptor is a novel therapeutic target for ACTH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nat Med 8:1281-1287

267. Heaney AP, Fernando M, Melmed S 2003 PPAR-gamma receptor ligands: novel therapy for pituitary adenomas. J Clin Invest 111:1381-1388

268. Cannavo S, Arosio M, Almoto B, Dall'Asta C, Ambrosi B 2005 Effectiveness of long-term rosiglitazone administration in patients with Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 63:118-119

269. Ambrosi B, Dall'Asta C, Cannavo S, Libe R, Vigo T, Epaminonda P, Chiodini I, Ferrero S, Trimarchi F, Arosio M, Beck-Peccoz P 2004 Effects of chronic administration of PPAR-gamma ligand rosiglitazone in Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 151:173-178

270. Suri D, Weiss RE 2005 Effect of pioglitazone on adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol secretion in Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:1340-1346

271. Munir A, Song F, Ince P, Walters SJ, Ross R, Newell-Price J 2007 Ineffectiveness of rosiglitazone therapy in Nelson's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1758-1763 271a Lacroix A, N'Diaye N, Mircescu H, Tremblay J, Hamet P 2000 The diversity of abnormal hormone receptors in adrenal Cushing's syndrome allows novel pharmacological therapies. Braz J Med Biol Res 33: 1201-1209

272. Preumont V, Mermejo LM, Damoiseaux P, Lacroix A, Maiter D 2011 Transient Efficacy of Octreotide and Pasireotide (SOM230) Treatment in GIP-dependent Cushing's Syndrome. Horm Metab Res

273. Baulieu EE 1991 The steroid hormone antagonist RU486. Mechanism at the cellular level and clinical applications. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 20:873-891

274. Healy DL, Chrousos GP, Schulte HM, Gold PW, Hodgen GD 1985 Increased adrenocorticotropin, cortisol, and arginine vasopressin secretion in primates after the antiglucocorticoid steroid RU 486: dose response relationships. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:1-4

275. Nieman LK, Chrousos GP, Kellner C, Spitz IM, Nisula BC, Cutler GB, Merriam GR, Bardin CW, Loriaux DL 1985 Successful treatment of Cushing's syndrome with the glucocorticoid antagonist RU 486. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 61:536-540

276. Bertagna X, Bertagna C, Laudat MH, Husson JM, Girard F, Luton JP 1986 Pituitary-adrenal response to the antiglucocorticoid action of RU 486 in Cushing's syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:639-643

277. Trainer PJ, Eastment C, Grossman AB, Wheeler MJ, Perry L, Besser GM 1993 The relationship between cortisol production rate and serial serum cortisol estimation in patients on medical therapy for Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 39:441-443

278. Workman RJ, Vaughn WK, Stone WJ 1986 Dexamethasone suppression testing in chronic renal failure: pharmacokinetics of dexamethasone and demonstration of a normal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:741-746

279. Nolan GE, Smith JB, Chavre VJ, Jubiz W 1981 Spurious overestimation of plasma cortisol in patients with chronic renal failure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52:1242-1245

280. Luger A, Lang I, Kovarik J, Stummvoll HK, Templ H 1987 Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis 9:51-54

281. Chan KC, Lit LC, Law EL, Tai MH, Yung CU, Chan MH, Lam CW 2004 Diminished urinary free cortisol excretion in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. Clin Chem 50:757-759

282. Siamopoulos KC, Dardamanis M, Kyriaki D, Pappas M, Sferopoulos G, Alevisou V 1990 Pituitary adrenal responsiveness to corticotropin-releasing hormone in chronic uremic patients. Perit Dial Int 10:153-156

283. Ramirez G, Gomez-Sanchez C, Meikle WA, Jubiz W 1982 Evaluation of the hypothalamic hypophyseal adrenal axis in patients receiving long-term hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med 142:1448-1452

284. Lee PD, Winter RJ, Green OC 1985 Virilizing adrenocortical tumors in childhood: eight cases and a review of the literature. Pediatrics 76:437-444

285. Savage MO, Lienhardt A, Lebrethon MC, Johnston LB, Huebner A, Grossman AB, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Besser GM 2001 Cushing's disease in childhood: presentation, investigation, treatment and long-term outcome. Horm Res 55 Suppl 1:24-30

286. Urbanic RC, George JM 1981 Cushing's disease--18 years' experience. Medicine (Baltimore) 60:14-24

287. Streeten DH, Faas FH, Elders MJ, Dalakos TG, Voorhess M 1975 Hypercortisolism in childhood: shortcomings of conventional diagnostic criteria. Pediatrics 56:797-803

288. Storr HL, Chan LF, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2007 Paediatric Cushing's syndrome: epidemiology, investigation and therapeutic advances. Trends Endocrinol Metab 18:167-174

289. Gafni RI, Papanicolaou DA, Nieman LK 2000 Nighttime salivary cortisol measurement as a simple, noninvasive, outpatient screening test for Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 137:30-35

290. Batista DL, Riar J, Keil M, Stratakis CA 2007 Diagnostic tests for children who are referred for the investigation of Cushing syndrome. Pediatrics 120:e575-e586

291. Carpenter PC 1988 Diagnostic evaluation of Cushing's syndrome. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 17:445-472

292. Magiakou MA, Mastorakos G, Oldfield EH, Gomez MT, Doppman JL, Cutler GB, Jr., Nieman LK, Chrousos GP 1994 Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents. Presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. N Engl J Med 331:629-636

293. Dias R, Storr HL, Perry LA, Isidori AM, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2006 The discriminatory value of the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test in the investigation of paediatric Cushing's syndrome. Horm Res 65:159-162

294. Hanson JA, Weber A, Reznek RH, Cotterill AM, Ross RJ, Harris RJ, Armstrong P, Savage MO 1996 Magnetic resonance imaging of adrenocortical adenomas in childhood: correlation with computed tomography and ultrasound. Pediatr Radiol 26:794-799

295. Storr HL, Afshar F, Matson M, Sabin I, Davies KM, Evanson J, Plowman PN, Besser GM, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2005 Factors influencing cure by transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy in paediatric Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol 152:825-833

296. Storr HL, Plowman PN, Carroll PV, Francois I, Krassas GE, Afshar F, Besser GM, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2003 Clinical and endocrine responses to pituitary radiotherapy in pediatric Cushing's disease: an effective second-line treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:34-37

297. Davies JH, Storr HL, Davies K, Monson JP, Besser GM, Afshar F, Plowman PN, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2005 Final adult height and body mass index after cure of paediatric Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 62:466-472

298. Scommegna S, Greening JP, Storr HL, Davies KM, Shaw NJ, Monson JP, Grossman AB, Savage MO 2005 Bone mineral density at diagnosis and following successful treatment of pediatric Cushing's disease. J Endocrinol Invest 28:231-235

299. Lindsay JR, Jonklaas J, Oldfield EH, Nieman LK 2005 Cushing's syndrome during pregnancy: personal experience and review of the literature. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:3077-3083

300. Swearingen B, Biller BM, Barker FG, Katznelson L, Grinspoon S, Klibanski A, Zervas NT 1999 Long-term mortality after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing disease. Ann Intern Med 130:821-824

301. Colao A, Pivonello R, Spiezia S, Faggiano A, Ferone D, Filippella M, Marzullo P, Cerbone G, Siciliani M, Lombardi G 1999 Persistence of increased cardiovascular risk in patients with Cushing's disease after five years of successful cure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:2664-2672

302. Pecori GF, Moro M, Cavagnini F 2003 Gender-related differences in the presentation and course of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1554-1558

303. Savage MO, Storr HL, Chan LF, Grossman AB 2007 Diagnosis and treatment of pediatric Cushing's disease. Pituitary

304. Lindsay JR, Nansel T, Baid S, Gumowski J, Nieman LK 2006 Long-term impaired quality of life in Cushing's syndrome despite initial improvement after surgical remission. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91:447-453

305. Manning PJ, Evans MC, Reid IR 1992 Normal bone mineral density following cure of Cushing's syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 36:229-234

306. Di Somma C, Pivonello R, Loche S, Faggiano A, Klain M, Salvatore M, Lombardi G, Colao A 2003 Effect of 2 years of cortisol normalization on the impaired bone mass and turnover in adolescent and adult patients with Cushing's disease: a prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 58:302-308

307. Di Somma C, Colao A, Pivonello R, Klain M, Faggiano A, Tripodi FS, Merola B, Salvatore M, Lombardi G 1998 Effectiveness of chronic treatment with alendronate in the osteoporosis of Cushing's disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 48:655-662

308. Wick MR, Rosai J 1988 Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the thymus. Pathol Res Pract 183:188-199