Table of Contents

14.1. Clinical Presentation

14.1.1. Epidemiology and Natural history

14.1.2. Clinical Manifestations

14.1.3. Imaging

14.1.4. Diagnosis

14.1.5. Stone analysis

14.1.6. Biochemical evaluation

14.1.7. General Principles on the management of stones

14.1.8. Shock wave lithotripsy

14.2. Calcium Stones

14.2.1. Primary hyperparathyroidism

14.2.2. Idiopathic hypercalciuria

14.2.3. Genetic basis of IH

14.2.4. Pathogenesis of IH

14.2.5. Pathogenetic models of IH

14.2.6. Treatment of IH

14.2.7. Renal tubular acidosis

14.2.8. Low urine citrate

14.2.9. Hyperoxaluric States

14.2.10. Hyperuricosuria

14.3. Uric Acid Stones

14.3.1. Gout

14.3.2. Malignancy

14.3.3. Gastrointestinal disorders

14.3.4. Drug-induced

14.3.5. Idiopathic

14.4. Infection Stone

14.5. Cystine Stone